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\par }{\b\fs52\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The Biology and Ecology of Papaya (paw paw), }{\b\i\fs52\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cari\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ca\~papaya\~}{\b\fs52\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L.,\line in Australia
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\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.2}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Uses of papaya}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253569 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350036003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.3}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Morphology of }{\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253570 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.4}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Cultivation}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253571 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.5}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Reproduction}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253572 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003200000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.5.1\tab Pollination
\tab {\*\bkmkstart _Hlt35253800}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253573 \\h }{\fs20 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003300000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4}}}{\fs20 {\*\bkmkend _Hlt35253800}
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs18\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Pollen production and stigmatic receptivity}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253574 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003400000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pollinator identity and behaviour}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253575 \\h }{
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003500000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5}}}{
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.5.2}{\fs20 \tab }
{\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Plant gender}{\fs20 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253576 \\h }{\fs20 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003600000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6}}}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.6}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Pe\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 sts and diseases}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253577 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003700000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab Toxicity and allergenicity of papaya\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253578 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 2.1}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Inherent toxicity of papaya}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253579 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350037003900000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.1.1\tab 
Impacts on mammalian reproduction\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253580 \\h }{\fs20 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9}}}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs18\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Impacts on men and other male mammals}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253581 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Impacts on women and other female mammals}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc35253582 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003200000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 2.2}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Inherent allergenicity of papaya}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253583 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003300000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Weediness of papAYA}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc3\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5253584 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003400000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.1}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Weediness in Australia}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253585 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003500000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.2}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Weediness in other regions}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253586 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003600000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab Potential for gene transfer from papaya to}{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  other organisms}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253587 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003700000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.1\tab  Gene transfer to cultivated and naturalised }{\i\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253588 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003800000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.2}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Gene transfer to wild papayas (}{
\i\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp.)}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253589 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350038003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.3}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Gene transfer to other plants}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253590 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350039003000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 12}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.4}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\fs24\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Gene transfer to other organisms (microorganisms and animals, inclduing humans)}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253591 \\h }{
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350039003100000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 13}}}{
\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx8296\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab References\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc35253592 \\h }{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f00630033003500320035003300350039003200000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 13}}}{\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 }}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 \sect }\sectd 
\pgwsxn11907\pghsxn16840\marglsxn1797\margrsxn1797\psz9\pgnrestart\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere\sectdefaultcl {\header \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs18 
\par }}{\footer \pard\plain \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs29\b\scaps\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {
\cs29\b\scaps\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 14}}}{\fs20 
\par }}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253566}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Preamble{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253566}
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 This document addresses the biology and ecology of }{
\i\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{\fs20\cf1 \~\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L. with particular reference to its growth and cultivation in Australia.  Included is the origin of }{\i\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{
\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (referred to as papaya, or paw paw), general descriptions of its growth and agron\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
omy, its reproductive biology, toxicity and allergenicity and its general ecology.  This document also addresses the potential for papaya to outcross via pollen transfer.
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb360\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253567}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc20804206}{\*\bkmkend _Toc20804203}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab Biology of papaya{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253567}
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253568}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sect\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ion 1.1\tab \tab Taxonomy, Origin and distribution{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253568}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cultivated papaya, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L., sometimes known as paw\~paw (or papaw), is a fast-growing tree-like herbaceous plant in the family Caricaceae.  In Australia, red and pink-fleshed cultivars are \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 often known as \hich\f0 
\lquote \loch\f0 papaya\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  to distinguish them from the yellow-fleshed fruits, known as \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 paw\~paw\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
, but both of these common names refer to the same plant species.  Irrespective of its flesh colour, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is generally known as \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 papaya\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0  in other countries. \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  In some areas, an unrelated plant, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Asiminia triloba }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Annonaceae), native to north America, is also called paw\~
paw.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Until recently, the Caricaceae was thought to comprise 31 species in three genera (namely }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{
\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Jacaratia}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Jarilla}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) from tropical A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 merica and one genus, }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cylicomorpha}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , from equatorial Africa }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>br
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakaso\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ne & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  However, a recent taxonomic revision proposed that some species formerly assigned to }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  were more appropriately classified in the genus }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Badillo</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
3626</RecNum><IDText>Carica L. vs. Vasconcella St. Hil. (Caricaceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3626</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><i>Carica</i> L. vs. <i>Vasconcella</i> St. Hil. (Car
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
caceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Badillo,V.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Caricaceae</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>79</End_Page><Per
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 odical>Ernstia</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Ernstia</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Badillo 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Accordingly, the family\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s classification has been revised to comprise }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cylic\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
omorpha}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and five South and Central American genera (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Jacaratia}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,}
{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Jarilla}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Horovitzia}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Badillo</Author><Year>1971</Year><RecNum>3630</RecNum><IDText>Monografia de la familie Caricaceae</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3630</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Monografia d
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 la familie Caricaceae</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Badillo,V.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1971</Date_Primary><Keywords>Caricaceae</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Maracay, Venezuela</Pub_Place><Publisher>Associacion de Profesore
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , Universidad Central de Venezuela</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Badillo 1971)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , with }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  the only species within the genus }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Badillo</Author><Year>2002</Year><Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cNum>3626</RecNum><IDText>Carica L. vs. Vasconcella St. Hil. (Caricaceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3626</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><i>Carica</i> L. vs. <i>Vasconcella</i> St. Hil.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Caricaceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Badillo,V.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Caricaceae</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>79</End_Page
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <Periodical>Ernstia</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Ernstia</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Badillo 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Although opinions differ on the origin of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  in tropical Ame\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rica (see Garrett 1995), it is likely that }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  originates from the lowlands of eastern Central America, from Mexico to Panama }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDT\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ext><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ctices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 U\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 SA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Its seeds were distributed to the Carribean and south-east Asia during Spanish exploration in the 16}{\fs20\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 th}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Century, from where it spread rapidly to India, the Pacifi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c and Africa }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 N\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Seconda
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_Work
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ormID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Papaya is now grown in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world.  It was deliberately introduced to Australia more than a century ago as a horticultural crop for fruit production \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Garrett 1995)
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253569}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.2\tab \tab Uses of papaya{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253569}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Economically, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is the most important species within the Caricaceae, being cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use in drinks, jams candies and as drie\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d and crystallised fruit }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Green fruit and the leaves and flowers may also be used as a cooked vegetable }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Watson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3606</RecNum><IDText>Agronomy/agrocl\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imatology notes for the production of papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3606</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agronomy/agroclimatology notes for the production of papaya</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Watson,B.</Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>MAFFA</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Watson 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Nutriti\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 onally, papaya is a good source of calcium and an excellent source of vitamins A and C }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Boo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
k, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>b
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lace>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  The vitamin A and C content of one medium papaya approaches or exceeds USDA minimum daily requirements for adults (see OECD 2003).  The fruit of some species of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 may be used as a food source, par\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ticularly in some regions of South and central America, but such usage is relatively limited.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Papaya also has several industrial uses.  Biochemically, its leaves and fruit are complex, producing several proteins and alkaloids with important pharmaceuti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cal and industrial applications }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>El Moussaoui</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3830</RecNum><IDText>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
he plant defence mechanism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3830</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of <i>Carica papaya</i> in the context of their possible participation in the plant 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
efence mechanism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>El Moussaoui,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nijs,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paul,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wintjens,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vincentelli,J.</Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Authors_Primary>Azarkan,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Looze,Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>Enzymes</Keywords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>laticifers</Keywords><Keywords>laticifer</Keywords><Keywords>Car
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ca papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANISM</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>556</Start_Page><End_Page>570</End_Page><Periodical>Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</Periodical><Volume>58</Volum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (El\~
Moussaoui et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Of these, however, papain, is a particularly important proteolytic enzyme that is p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
roduced in the milky latex of green, unripe papaya fruits (note that ripe papaya fruit contain no latex or papain).  The latex is harvested by scarifying the green skin to induce latex flow, which is allowed to dry before collection for processing }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
EFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>phys
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence ad
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ress: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Evolutionarily, papain may be associated with\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  protection from frugivorous predators and herbivores }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>El Moussaoui</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3830</RecNum><IDText>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ble participation in the plant defence mechanism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3830</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of <i>Carica papaya</i> in the context of their possible parti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ipation in the plant defence mechanism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>El Moussaoui,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nijs,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paul,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wintjens,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vinc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ntelli,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Azarkan,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Looze,Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>Enzymes</Keywords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>laticifers</Keywords><Keywords>laticifer</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANISM</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>556</Start_Page><End_Page>570</End_Page><Periodical>Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</Period
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cal><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (El\~Moussaoui et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Commercially, however, papain has varied industrial uses in t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
he beverage, food and pharmaceutical industries including in the production of chewing gums, in chill-proofing beer, tenderising meat, drug preparations for various digestive ailments and the treatment of gangrenous wounds.  Papain has also been used in t
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e textiles industry, for degumming silk and for softening wool }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 O\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and in the cosmetics industry, in soaps and shampoo.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253570}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.3\tab \tab Morphology of }{\i\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\cf1 
{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253570}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \i\fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is a soft-wooded perennial \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 plant that lives for about 5-10 years, although commercial plantations are usually replanted sooner }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farm\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ing. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 G\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Papayas normally grow as single-stemmed trees with a crown of large palmate leaves emerging from the apex of the trunk, but trees \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 may become multi-stemmed when damaged }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst 
{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citatio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>F
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verhei
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 j\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  The soft, hollow, cylindrical trunk ranges from 30\~cm diameter at the base to about 5\~cm diameter at the crown.  Under optimal conditions, trees can reach 8-10 metres in height but i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n cultivation, they are usually destroyed when they reach heights that make harvesting of fruit difficult }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDT\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ext><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handb
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ok (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Cultivated trees in Australia are usually replaced before exceeding 4\~m in height.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Papaya flowers are born on \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
inflorescences which appear in the axils of the leaves.  Female flowers are held close against the stem as single flowers or in clusters of 2-3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrili\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nk Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your g
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 owing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Male flowers are smaller and more numerous and are born on 60-90\~cm long pendulous inf\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lorescences }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Addre
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Bisexual flowers are inte\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rmediate between the two unisexual forms }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB In
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ernational</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The functional gender of flowers can be altered or reversed, depending on environmental conditions, particularly temperature (see Section 1.5.2).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fruit are ready to harvest five to six months after flowering, which occurs five to eight months after\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  seed germination }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Who
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 H\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
are,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
her>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The fruits range in size from 7-30\~
cm long and vary in mass from about 250 to 3000g }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lace>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>
}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Fruit from female trees are spherical whereas the shape of fruit from bisexual trees is affected by environmental factors, particularly temperature, that modify floral morphology during early development of the inflorescence }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (see Section\~1.5.2, below).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ripe papaya fruit have smooth, thin yellow-orange coloured skin.  Depending on the cultivar, flesh thickness varies from 1.5 to 4\~cm }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</ID\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Text><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural p
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
actices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI,
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and flesh colour may be pale yellowish to red }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFul
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
riculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997; Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Mature fruits contain numerous grey-black spherical seeds 5\~mm in diameter }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Rep
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
int><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Nethe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253571}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.4\tab \tab Cultivation{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253571}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Commercial Australian plantings of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  occur throughout coastal tropical and sub-tropical regions of New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, with Queensland accounting for >95% of production.  In Queensland, major production areas incl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ude Innisfail in the north, Yarwun and Yeppoon in central Queensland and Gympie and the Sunshine Coast in south Queensland (Garrett 1995).}{\f30\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In the absence of irrigation, fruit production is optimal in areas with a minimum monthly rainfall of about 100\~\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mm, minimum relative humidity of 66% }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Pri\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB Intern
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tional</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  an\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 d where temperatures range between 21 and 33\'ba\~\loch\f0 C }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electron\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Second
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_Jou
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Trop
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cal fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
blisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Num>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Pa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><Z
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997; Nakasone & Paull 1998; OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
.  Temperatures below 12-14\'ba\~\loch\f0 C strongly retard fruit maturation and adversely affect fruit production }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ulture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Papaya is extremely sensitive to frost, which can kill the plant.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Broadly, there ar\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e two distinct types of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
plants: dioecious and gynodioecious.  Dioecious papayas have male and female flowers on separate trees. Gynodioecious papayas bare female flowers on some trees and bisexual (hermaphrodite) flowers on others.  Occasionally,\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 papaya variety Solo may be functionally andromonoecious (male and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant), with a terminal bisexual flower subtended by a few staminate axillary flowers }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Yea\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nd_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Ser
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 es><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Such changes in floral biology are likely to occur in response to hot and dry conditions, which are known to affect functional gender in papayas (see Section\~1.5.2).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Both dioeci\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ous and gynodioecious varieties of papaya are grown commercially in Australia, but dioecious varieties are generally recommended because they have high fruit yields and relatively predictable fruit shape }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\f30\fs20 
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove<\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
/Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: You
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 r\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
 Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary>
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 <\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 P\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
rimary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Indu
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 s\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
tries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Drew</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3974</RecNum
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 >\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
<IDText>Development of interspecific Carica hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3974</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of interspecific <i>Carica</i> hybrids</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Primar
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 y\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Brien,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Pa
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 g\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
e>291</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings 
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 o\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 
f the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\f30\fs20 
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 (Drew et al. 1998; Chay-P\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 rove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  In gynodioecious varieties, fruit production on hermaphrodite trees may be affected by air temperatures (see Section 1.5.2) leading to decreased yields and/or poorly shaped fruit }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechno
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ogy</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Accordingly, these lines are only recommended for coastal north Queensland and the Atherton Tableland, where the relatively predictable tropical climate does not affe\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ct fruit shape unduly.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Australian papaya plantations are established by sowing seeds which may be pre-germinated, or by transplanting established (150 \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  200\~
mm tall) seedlings to the plantation site.  As the sex of plants can be difficult to determine \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 before they start flowering (but see Section\~
1.5.2), 3-4 plants are established in each planting site within the plantation to ensure that the optimum ratio of sex types is achieved.  When the sex can be determined, plants are thinned to achieve the desir\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d sex ratio and to reduce competition between plants, which would affect fruit production.  For dioecious varieties, a ratio of one male to 8-10 female plants is recommended to maximise yield }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Yea\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Gu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
de to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 noa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998; Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  whereas for bisexual varieties, the aim of thinning is to have one bisexual plant in each planting position.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253572}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.5\tab \tab Reproduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253572}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Fruit production in papaya plants may occur following either cross-pollination (out-crossing), self-pollination or parthenocarpy (a form of asexual reproduction in which fruits may be produced without fertilisati\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
on), depending on whether dioecious or gynodioecious lines are planted and the particular cultivar that is grown }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rodriquez-Pastor</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>3559</RecNum><IDText>Evaluation of papaya autogamy</\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3559</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Evaluation of papaya autogamy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rodriquez-Pastor,M.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Galan-Sauco,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Herrero-Romero,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>anthesis</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>percentage</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>QUALITY</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>387</Start_Page><End_Page>391</End_Page><Periodical>Fruits</Periodical><Volume>45</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0248-1294</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Centro de Investigaci
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n y Tecnologia Agrarias, Apdo 60, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Fruits</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><I
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Text>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 "\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-op
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ration and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Louw</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3780</RecNum><IDText>Papaya po
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lination</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3780</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya pollination</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Louw,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>flower</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>tree</Keywords><Keywords>Trees<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>18</Start_Page><End_Page>19</End_Page><Periodical>Neltropika Bulletin</Periodical><Issue>307</Issue><Address>ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit 1200, South Afr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ca</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neltropika Bulletin</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Rodriquez-Pastor et al. 1990; Nakasone & Paull 1998; Louw 2000; OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Rodriguez-Pastor et al. (1990) demon\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
strated that when out-crossing is limited experimentally by bagging flowers to prevent pollen flow, 90% and 94.7% of fruit from hermaphrodite flowers of \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 Sunrise Solo\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  and \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 
Kapoho Solo\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 , respectively, may be produced following either self-pollination or p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rthenocarpy.  Of these, potentially 35% of the Sunrise Solo fruit were produced parthenocarpically and }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ca }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
65% were produced following self-pollination.  Kapoho Solo produced no parthenocarpic fruit }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rodriquez-Pastor<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>3559</RecNum><IDText>Evaluation of papaya autogamy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3559</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Evaluation of papaya autogamy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rodriquez-Pas
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or,M.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Galan-Sauco,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herrero-Romero,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>anthesis</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>herm
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
phrodite</Keywords><Keywords>percentage</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>QUALITY</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>387</Start_Page><End_Page>391</End_Page><Periodical>Fruits</Periodical><Volume>45</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 V\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
olume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0248-1294</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Centro de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agrarias, Apdo 60, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Fruits</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Rodriquez-Pastor et al. 1990)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Parthenocarpic fruit were reported to be of adequate commercial size and quality.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Garrett (1995) also investigated the potential for alternative papaya lines to produce fruit parthenocarpically.\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
  She demonstrated that such fruit may be produced at much lower frequencies and are of poor size and quality, compared to sexually derived fruit.  Garrett (1995) also indicated that low numbers of seeds are produced by parthenocarpic fruit and that }{
\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 = ca}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  4\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
% of such seeds may be viable, depending on the variety of papaya.  It is not clear whether these seeds were produced sexually (perhaps by inadvertent contamination with pollen) or asexually.  Nevertheless, many researchers }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Author>Gillaspy</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>4018</RecNum><IDText>Fruits: a developmental perspective</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4018</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fruits: a developmental perspective</Title_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary>Gillaspy,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ben-David,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gruissem,W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1439</Start_Page><En
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Page>1451</End_Page><Periodical>The Plant Cell</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">The Plant Cell</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Vivian-Smith</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>4019
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/RecNum><IDText>Fruit development is actively restricted int he absence of fertilization in Arabidopsis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4019</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fruit development is actively restricted int he absence
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of fertilization in <i>Arabidopsis</i></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vivian-Smith,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Luo,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chaudhury,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koltunow,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>200
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Arabidopsis</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2321</Start_Page><End_Page>2331</End_Page><Periodical>Development</Periodical><Volume>128</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Development</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (eg. Gillaspy et al. 1993; Vivian-Smith et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  contend that, by definition, parthenocarpic fruit contain no viable seeds.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253573}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.5.1\tab Pollination{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253573}
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\b0\i\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253574}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pollen production and stigmatic receptivity{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253574}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
In Australia, seasonally variable papaya fruit production (in terms of both quantity and quality) have been attributed to several factors including low pollen viability and an absence of suitable\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  pollinators.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Garrett (1995) observed that pollen production by papaya trees varies seasonally and according to the variety of plant that is cultivated, but a general trend is for decreased quantities of pollen during winter/early spring }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Garrett</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3901</RecNum><IDText>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (Carica papaya L.) in Central Queensland</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3901</Ref_ID><Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) in Central Queensland</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garrett,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Rockhampton</Pub_Place><Publisher>PhD Thesis, Central Queensland University</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Garrett 1995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The v\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iability of pollen that is produced also varies seasonally and according to variety }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Magdalita</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3783</RecNum><IDText>An efficient interspecific hybridisation protocol for Carica papaya\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 L. x C. cauliflora Jacq</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3783</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>An efficient interspecific hybridisation protocol for <i>Carica papaya</i> L. x <i>C. cauliflora</i> Jacq</Title_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Godwin,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adkins,S.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>ACID</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>EMBRYOS</Keywords><Keywords>flower</Keywords><Keywords>food</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene introgression</Keywords><Keywords>GIBBERELL
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
C-ACID</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>hybridisation</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>INTROGRESSION</Keywords><Keywords>isolation</Keywords><Keywords>land</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>523</Start_Page><End_Page>530</End_Page><Periodical>A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 stralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture</Periodical><Volume>38</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0816-1089</ISSN_ISBN><Address>\{a\}
 Sch. Land Food, Univ. Queensl., Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Australian Jou\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nal of Experimental Agriculture</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Magdalita et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Garrett (1995) determined that, on average, 90% of freshly dispersed pollen grains were viable but that in winter, viabil\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ity dropped to about 45% in some lines and as low as 4.5% in others.  No information was provided on the duration of pollen viability, but Allan }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Allan</Author><Year>1963</Year><RecNum>2556</RecNum><I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DText>Pollen studies in Carica papaya. II: Germination and storage of pollen</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2556</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Pollen studies in <i>Carica papaya.</i> II: Germination and storage of pollen</Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allan,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1963</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>US</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Start_Page>613</Start_Page><End_Page>624</End_Page><Periodical>South African Journal of Agricultural Science</Periodical><Volume>6</Volume><Availability>Tony Willis</Availability><Address>Faculty of Agriculture, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg</Addr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ss><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">South African Journal of Agricultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1963)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  indicates that extremes of humidity reduce the storage life of papaya pollen which, under \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ideal (artificial) storage conditions, potentially remains viable for about 5-6 years.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Garrett\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s (1995) observations of seasonal variation in pollen viability are broadly consistent with similar studies conducted in South Africa }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allan</Author><Year>1963</Year><RecNum>2556</RecNum><IDText>Pollen studies in Carica papaya. II: Germination and storage of pollen</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2556</Ref_ID><T
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tle_Primary>Pollen studies in <i>Carica papaya.</i> II: Germination and storage of pollen</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allan,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1963</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>US</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>613</Start_Page><End_Page>624</End_Page><Periodical>South African Journal of Agricultural Science</Periodical><Volume>6</Volume><Availability>Tony Wi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lis</Availability><Address>Faculty of Agriculture, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">South African Journal of Agricultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Alla\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n 1963)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and Israel }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cohen</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>4011</RecNum><IDText>Papaya pollen viability and storage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4011</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
apaya pollen viability and storage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cohen,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavi,U.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Spiegel-Roy P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>f
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ower</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>GROWTH</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>OVULE</Keywords><Keywords>pap
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ya</Keywords><Keywords>percentage</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>Seasons</Keywords><Keywords>tree</Keywords><Keywords>Trees</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tart_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Scientia Horticulturae</Periodical><Volume>40</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0304-4238</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Institute of Horticulture, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel</Address><ZZ_JournalFull>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f name="System">Scientia Horticulturae</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cohen et al. 1989)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , where it was concluded that minimum temperatures below 10\'ba\~\loch\f0 C significantly affect pollen viability, possibly as a conse\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 quence of degenerated pollen mother cells }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allan</Author><Year>1963</Year><RecNum>2556</RecNum><IDText>Pollen studies in Carica papaya. II: Germination and storage of pollen</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2556</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Pollen studies in <i>Carica papaya.</i> II: Germination and storage of pollen</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allan,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1963</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>US</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>613</Start_Page><End_Page>624</End_Page><Periodical>South African Journal of Agricultural Science</Periodic
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
l><Volume>6</Volume><Availability>Tony Willis</Availability><Address>Faculty of Agriculture, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">South African Journal of Agricultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allan 1963)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
In contrast to pollen production and viability, the receptivity of papaya stigmas remains high throughout the year.  If pollinated with viable pollen, both female and hermaphrodite flowers can suc\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cessfully produce fruit, even in winter }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Garrett</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3901</RecNum><IDText>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (Carica papaya L.) in Central Queensland</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3901</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) in Central Queensland</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garrett,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>pollin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tion</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Rockhampton</Pub_Place><Publisher>PhD Thesis, Central Queensland University</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_Wor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 k\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 formID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Garrett 1995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Garrett (1995) provides no data regarding the numbers of flowers that are produced in each season (either female, male or hermaphrodite).  It is difficult, therefore, to determine the relative importance \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of variable pollen viability and likely seasonal variations in the number of actual flowers, particularly female flowers, in affecting total fruit production.
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\b0\i\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253575}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pollinator identity and behaviour{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253575}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pollinator efficiency or abundance \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
may also affect fruit production.  Despite floral morphology suggesting insect pollination, several authors have indicated that wind pollination may also be important }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Ty
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Cari
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Econ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998; OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In a detailed series \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of experiments, Garrett (1995) demonstrated that pollination by native and European honeybees, or by wind, is rare.  Rather, Garrett (1995) determined that hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Macroglossinae), many in the genus }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hyles}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , are the primary pollin\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ators of papaya in central Queensland.  Further, it was observed that seven hawkmoth species pollinate papaya flowers and that four additional species are likely to be pollinators (Garrett 1995).  Of these eleven species, eight were active at dusk (18:00 
\loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 19:00); the remaining three were active during the day. Usually, moths spent about three seconds at each flower before moving to another.  Foraging focussed on groups of up to three trees, with each tree in the group being visited in turn, before flying 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o another part of the orchard.  This behaviour did not appear to be affected by wind direction }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Garrett</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3901</RecNum><IDText>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (Carica papaya L.) in Cen\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tral Queensland</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3901</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Pollination Biology of Papaw (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) in Central Queensland</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garrett,A.</Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Rockhampton</Pub_Place><Publisher>PhD Thesis, Central Qu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ensland University</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Garrett 1995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Total foraging time and the distance between groups of trees visited by pollinating moths were not recorded.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253576}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.5.2\tab Plant gender{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253576}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Papaya flowers can be grouped into three basic forms that reflect whole plant gender: female, male or bisexual (hermaphrodite).  With controlled cross-pollinations between flowers of each gender, the ratio of female, hermaphrodite and male offspring are
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  predictable, as summarised in Table 1. 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 
\par }{\b\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Table 1:  }{\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Summary of gender ratios following pollinations between male (M), female (F) and bisexual (B) }{\i\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20\cf1 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  gender forms*
\par 
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pollination\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 No. of resulting Females\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 No. of resulting Males\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 No. of resulting Bisexuals\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 F x M\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 
\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 F x B\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 
\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M x M}{\b\fs20\super \loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \'86}{
\fs20\cf1 \cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \intbl
\fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\intbl\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls7\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B x B\cell }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B x M\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M x B\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20\cf1 
\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx2024\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx4156\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx6288\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2132 \cellx8420\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs12\cf1 
\par }{\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 * summarised from Storey (1976), cited in Garrett (1995);
\par }{\b\fs20\super \loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \'86}{\fs20\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  note that because of gender reversals or alterations, \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 males\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 may bare functional carpels and set fruit.
\par }{\fs20\cf1 
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls8\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The genetic or chromosomal basis for the sex ratio of papayas is poorly understood }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Documen\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OEC
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
condary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997; O\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  However, as summarised by Somsri et al}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Somsri</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3799</RecNum><IDText>Developing molecular markers for sex prediction in papaya (Carica papaya L.)</IDTex
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3799</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Developing molecular markers for sex prediction in papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Somsri,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fletc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jobin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lawson,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Graham,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>Alleles</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>ASSOCIATION</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>clone</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>LINKAGE</Keywords><Keywords>Mal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>molecular markers</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>SCAR</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>sex-determination</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>141</Start_Page><End_Page>148</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Que
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nsland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><Authors_Secondary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Secondary><ISSN_ISBN>0567-7572</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Plant Production, University of Queensland, Gatton College, Lawes, Qld, 4345, Australia</Ad
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ress><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_Workfo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, a common hypothesis is that sex is controlled by a single locus with three alleles \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  M1 (male), M2 (hermaphrodite) and m (female).  Male (M1m) and hermaphrodite plants (M2m) are heterozygous whereas female plants (mm) a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
re homozygous recessive.  Combinations of dominants, namely M1M1, M1M2, or M2M2 are lethal, leading to post-zygotic abortion of such ovules.  Accordingly, this hypothesis predicts that viable males can only be M1m and viable hermaphrodites cane only be M2
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls8\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Considerable effort has been invested recently in developing molecular tests to determine the sex of papaya seedlings }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Somsri</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3799</RecNum><IDText>Developing molecular markers f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or sex prediction in papaya (Carica papaya L.)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3799</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Developing molecular markers for sex prediction in papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.)</Title_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Somsri,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fletcher,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jobin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lawson,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Graham,M.W.</Authors_Primary><D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>Alleles</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>ASSOCIATION</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>clone</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>LINKAGE</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>molecular markers</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Queenslan
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>SCAR</Keywords><Keywords>sex-determination</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>141</Start_Page><End_Page>148</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tro
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><Authors_Secondary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Secondary><ISSN_ISBN>0567-7572</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Plant Production, University of Queens
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
and, Gatton College, Lawes, Qld, 4345, Australia</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Somsri et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  These would be advantageous commercially, as plant sex could be determined before reproductive maturity.  Male-specific }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><Author>Parasnis</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3855</RecNum><IDText>A highly reliable sex diagnostic PCR assay for mass screening of papaya seedlings</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3855</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A hi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hly reliable sex diagnostic PCR assay for mass screening of papaya seedlings</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parasnis,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupta,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tamhankar,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ranjekar,P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>SEEDLINGS</Keywords><Keywords>seedling</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Angi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sperms</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>molecular markers</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
methods</Keywords><Keywords>SCAR</Keywords><Keywords>CLONING</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>LEAF</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>experimen
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al design</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>DNA Probes</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>chemical</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>plant breeding</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>On Request //</Reprint><Start_Page>337</Start_Page><End_Page>344</End_Page><Periodical>Molecular Breeding</Periodical><Volume>6</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Address>Parasnis,A.: <i>Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Divis
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
on of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India&#xA;&#xA;</i>Gupta,B.: <i>Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India&#xA;&#xA;</i>Tamhankar,S.: <i>Present a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dress: Genetics and Plant Breeding Group, Plant Sciences division, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India&#xA;&#xA;</i>Ranjekar,P.: <i>Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Indi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e-mail pkr@ems.ncl.res.in</i></Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular Breeding</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Parasnis et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and hermaphrodite-specific }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Auth\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or>Lemos</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3853</RecNum><IDText>Identification of sex in Carica papaya L. using RAPD markers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3853</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Identification of sex in <i>Carica 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
apaya</i> L. using RAPD markers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lemos,E.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Silva,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zaidan,H.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>SEEDLINGS</Keywords><Keywords>seedling</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>DIFFERENTIATION</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/20/
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
3</Reprint><Start_Page>179</Start_Page><End_Page>184</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>127</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0014-2336</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, Univer
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
idade Estadual Paulista, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, km 5, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Lemos et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 tests have been developed using a variety of molecular techniques.  Uraski et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Urasaki</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3856</RecNum><IDText>A male and hermaphro\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dite specific RAPD marker for papaya (Carica papaya L.)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3856</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A male and hermaphrodite specific RAPD marker for papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.)</Title_Primary><Auth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rs_Primary>Urasaki,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tokumoto,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tarora,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ban,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kayano,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tanaka,H.</Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Authors_Primary>Oku,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chinen,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Terauchi,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>Dna sequence</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>Japan</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>REGION</Keywords><Keywords>SCAR</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>sex-determination</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Reprint>On Request 02/20/03</Reprint><Start_Page>281</Start_Page><End_Page>285</End_Page><Periodical>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</Periodical><Volume>104</Volume><Issue>2-3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0040-5752</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Urasaki,N.: Okinawa Prefe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tural Agricultural Experiment Station, 4-222 Sakiyama, Naha, Okinawa, 903-0814, Japan. E-Mail: urasaki@nousi.pref.okinawa.jp</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Theoretical and Applied Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 have also developed a molecular test to distinguish male and hermaphrodite plants from females.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls8\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Efforts to identify molecular markers for sex are complicated by environmental variables including temperature, humidity, soil nutrients that may modify the functional gender of plants }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya <
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><En
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Serie
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  In hot (>35\~\hich\f0 \'ba\loch\f0 
C) and dry conditions, for example, bisexual flowers may become functionally male, with poorly developed and non-functional female parts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Watson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3606</RecNum><IDText>Agronomy/agroclimatology notes f
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r the production of papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3606</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agronomy/agroclimatology notes for the production of papaya</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Watson,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
97</Date_Primary><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>MAFFA</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Watson 1997; Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  At\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0  low (<20\'ba\~\loch\f0 
C) temperatures, by contrast, bisexual flowers may become functionally female because of carpelloidy, a condition in which the stamens resemble carpels but remain associated with the developed fruit, leading to distorted fruit shape }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMG\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
R.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmoniz
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tion of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Bisexual flowers of variety \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 Solo\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  may produce 100% carpellodic flowers when minimum temperatures are less than 17\'ba\~\loch\f0 C }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical fruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>cultural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>ph
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
siology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ddress: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Such changes in functional gender can be ei\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ther temporary or permanent.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls8\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Changes in functional gender in response to environmental variables have been used advantageously in papaya breeding programs and to help select the most appropriate varieties for commercial cultivation in particular region\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 H\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
orticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
he Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Repr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nt><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ht in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000; OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253577}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.6\tab \tab Pests and diseases{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253577}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Singh }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Sing\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
h</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>3870</RecNum><IDText>Papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3870</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Singh,I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Dat
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>New Delhi</Pub_Place><Publisher>Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1990)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  reports that about four insect and\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 mite species are major pests of papaya, although 35 other arthropods may infest the plants.  In Australia, fruit-spotting bugs (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Amblypelta\~lutescens}{\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30  and }{\i\f30\fs20 
\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 A.\~nitida}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), oriental scale (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Aonidiella\~orientalis}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) and yellow peach moth }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Conogethes\~punctiferalis}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) ar\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e among the most serious insect pests, each with potential to reduce plant growth and productivity and to damage ripening fruit }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Da
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 etter farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}
{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Among mites, two-spotted mite (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Tetranychus\~urticae}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) and, in particular, broad mite (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Polyphagotarsonemu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\~latus}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are the most serious pests }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 W\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 orkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  }{\f248\fs20 \hich\af248\dbch\af17\loch\f248 
Flying foxes (}{\i\f248\fs20 \hich\af248\dbch\af17\loch\f248 Poliocephalus}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30  }{\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 spp}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 .}{\f248\fs20 \hich\af248\dbch\af17\loch\f248 
) are the chief mammalian predator of papaya fruit in Australia.}{\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 More important than mite and insect pests are pathogens that reduce plant vigour and affect f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ruit quality }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 eries>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)
}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  In Australia, the major fungal pathogens of papaya include phytophthora root and fruit rot (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Phytoph\hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 thora\~palmivora}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), black spot (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Asperisporium\~caricae}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), brown spot (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Corynespora\~cassiicola}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), anthracnose (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Colletotrichum }{\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 spp}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 .}{\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 )}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and powdery mildew (}{\i\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 Sphaerotheca }{\f30\fs20 \hich\af30\dbch\af17\loch\f30 spp}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Yellow crinkle and dieback are both diseases of papaya caused by phytoplasma }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REF\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
raft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmon
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 zation of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Padovan and Gibb }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Padovan</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3604</R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecNum><IDText>Epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases in papaya in northern Australia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases in papaya in northern Australia</Title_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Authors_Primary>Padovan,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gibb,K.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>biological</Keywords><Keywords>chemical</Keywords><Keywords>correlation</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTION</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTIONS</Keywords><Keywords>Insect</Keywords><Keywords>insect vector</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>plant
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>STRAIN</Keywords><Keywords>STRAINS</Keywords><Keywords>VECTOR</Keywords><Keywords>VECTORS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>649</Start_Page><End_Page>658</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Phy
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
opathology</Periodical><Volume>149</Volume><Issue>11-12</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0931-1785</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Gibb,K.S. School of Biological, Environmental and Chemical Sciences, Northern Territory University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia. E-Mail: kgibb@darwin.n
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u.edu.au</Address><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Phytopathology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  indicated that these diseases are caused by two different groups of phytoplasma strai\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ns.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Papaya ring-spot virus (PRSV; Potyviridae) has become the limiting factor for commercial papaya production in many areas of the world }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nakasone</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3790</RecNum><IDText>Tropical f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ruits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical fruits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakasone,H.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paull,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>banana</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>cultivation</Keywords><Keywords>cultural</Keywords><Keywords>c
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ltural practices</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>SOILS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Wallingford</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><Address>Correspondence address: R E Paull, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hono
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ulu, HI, USA</Address><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nakasone & Paull 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Internationally, PRSV has significantly reduced crop productivity in Hawaii, the Carribean, Brazil, south-east Asia and other papaya growing areas }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Titl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechn
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
logy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Early symptoms include yellowing and vein clearing in young leaves and sometimes severe blistering and leaf dist\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ortion.  Dark concentric rings and spots or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 C\'94
\loch\f0 -shaped markings develop on the fruit which may turn tan-brown as the fruit ripens.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Papaya ringspot virus was first identified in Australia in 1991 in suburban Brisbane and has subsequently been recorded i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n Bundaberg and Beaudesert }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Pla
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformI
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  PRSV is transmitted by aphids, mechanical transmission of sap and the movement of infected plants }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
it</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series:
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 your growing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Its spread is being managed by a quarantine zone, which limits movement of papa\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ya and cucurbits (eg. cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon), which may also host PRSV, from south-east Queensland to other papaya growing districts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chay-Prove</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3686</RecNum><IDText>Agrili\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nk Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3686</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit</Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chay-Prove,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ross,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Hare,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macleod,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kernot,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Evans,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grice,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vawdrey,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Richards,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blair,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Astridge,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>farming</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Nambour, Qld</Pub_Place><Publisher>Queensland Horticulture Institute and  Department of Primary Industries, Qld</Publisher><Title_Series>Agrilink series: your g
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 owing guide to better farming</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Ayling,G.</Authors_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Chay-Prove et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .}{\f248\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 PRSV remains restricted in distribution in Queensland.  Several outbreaks have occu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rred in south-east Queensland, but these were contained by removing and destroying infected plants.  The virus is relatively common in backyards of some northern suburbs of Brisbane, but the rate of spread appears to be low }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Author>Persley</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3869</RecNum><IDText>DPI note: papaya ringspot disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3869</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>DPI note: papaya ringspot dise
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
se</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Persley,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>PRSV</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
333.html</Periodical><Web_URL><u>http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5333.html</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5333.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 efman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Persley 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .}{\caps\f248\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Genetically modified PRSV-resistant papaya was developed in response to the devastating impacts of the disease, particularly in Hawaii and south-east Asia.  Papaya plants that resist the virus by expressing PRSV coat protein were successfully developed in
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hawaii }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ferreira</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3868</RecNum><IDText>Virus coat protein transgenic papaya provides practical control of Papayaringspot virus in Hawaii</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3868</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Virus coat protein transgenic papaya provides practical control of Papayaringspot virus in Hawaii</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferreira,S.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pitz,K.Y.</Authors_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zee,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fitch,M.M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gonsalves,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Keywords>COAT
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>101</Start_Page><End_Page>105</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Disease</Periodical><Vo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ume>86</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Ferreira et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and their production rapidly reversed the declining Hawaiian papaya industry }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>3602</RecNum><IDText>The development of virus-resistant papayas in Hawaii: a collaborative project between the University of Hawaii and Cornell University</IDText><MDL Ref_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ype="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3602</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The development of virus-resistant papayas in Hawaii: a collaborative project between the University of Hawaii and Cornell University</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Title_Secondary>The Papaya Biotechnology Network of Southeast Asia: Bios
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
fety Considerations and Papaya Background Information</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hautea,R.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kwok,C.Y.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Attathom,S.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Krattiger,A.F.</A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 thors_Secondary><Publisher>International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA)</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Manshardt 1999)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  GM PRSV-resistant papaya have been available commercially in th\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e USA since 1997 and in Canada since January\~10,\~
2003 (see http://www.agbios.com/main.php).}{\caps\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 PRSV-resistant GM papayas are not available in Australia.
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb360\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253578}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab Toxicity and allergenicity of papaya{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253578}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \i\fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  belongs to a group o
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f plant species known as laticiferous plants.  These plants contain specialised cells (laticifers), dispersed throughout most plant tissues, that secrete a substance known as \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 latex\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 .  Latex is a complex mixture of chemical compounds with diverse chemical\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
activities.  Collectively, these compounds are thought to be involved in defence of the plant against a wide range of pests and herbivores }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>El Moussaoui</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3830</RecNum><IDText>Revisitin\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
g the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3830</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Revisiting the enzymes st
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
red in the laticifers of <i>Carica papaya</i> in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>El Moussaoui,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nijs,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paul,C.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wintjens,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vincentelli,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Azarkan,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Looze,Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>Enzymes</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>laticifers</Keywords><Keywords>laticifer</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANISM</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>556</St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page><End_Page>570</End_Page><Periodical>Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (El\~Mous\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 saoui et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The latex of papaya plants is rich in enzymes known cysteine proteinases, which are used widely for protein digestion functions in the food and pharmaceutical industries.  Commercially, papaya latex is harvested from fully grown 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 but unripe fruit, the skin of which contains numerous laticifers.  Ripe papaya fruit contains no latex }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3618</RecNum><IDText>Edible fruits and nuts - Carica papaya L.</IDText\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Edible fruits and nuts - <i>Carica papaya</i> L.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,V.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Nuts</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>Plant resources of south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(CD-ROM)</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Authors_Secondary>Verheij,E.W.M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Coronel,R.E.</Authors_Secondary><Publisher>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</Publisher><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant resources of
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 south-east Asia (PROSEA) handbook (CD-ROM)</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Villegas 1997)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , possibly because the latex-producing cells cease functioning or breakdown with age.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cysteine proteinases may const\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 itute as much as 80% of the enzyme fraction in papaya latex }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>El Moussaoui</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3830</RecNum><IDText>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 possible participation in the plant defence mechanism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3830</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of <i>Carica papaya</i> in the context of their possible
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
participation in the plant defence mechanism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>El Moussaoui,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nijs,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paul,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wintjens,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Vincentelli,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Azarkan,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Looze,Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>Enzymes</Keywords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>laticifers</Keywords><Keywords>latic
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
fer</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANISM</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>556</Start_Page><End_Page>570</End_Page><Periodical>Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 eriodical><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (El\~Moussaoui et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The most well studied proteinases from papaya are papai\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n, chymopapain, caricain and glycyl endopeptidase.  Other enzymes known from papaya latex include glycosyl hydrolases such as }{\fs20 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 98 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
-1,3-glucanases, chitinases and lysozymes, protease inhibitors such as cystatin and glutaminyl cyclo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 transferases and lipases }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>El Moussaoui</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3830</RecNum><IDText>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plan
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t defence mechanism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3830</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of <i>Carica papaya</i> in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mechanism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>El Moussaoui,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nijs,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paul,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wintjens,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vincentelli,J.</Authors_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary>Azarkan,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Looze,Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>Enzymes</Keywords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>laticifers</Keywords><Keywords>laticifer</Keywords><Keywords>Carica pap
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANISM</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>556</Start_Page><End_Page>570</End_Page><Periodical>Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_J
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 urnalFull><f name="System">Cell and Molecular Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (El\~
Moussaoui et al. 2001)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Potential roles in defence against pathogenic microorganisms or against herbivory are like\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ly for most of the enzymes isolated from papaya latex to date.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Unripe papaya fruit, papaya seeds and latex extracts have been implicated in numerous toxic and allergenic responses in mammals, including humans, as discussed in sections 2.1 and 2.2, belo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253579}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 2.1\tab \tab Inherent toxicity of papaya{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253579}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The use of papaya leaf, fruit and root extracts as traditional medicines 
}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Eno</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3658</RecNum><IDText>Blood pressu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
re depression by the fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3658</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of <i>Car
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ca</i> <i>papaya</i> (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Eno,A.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Owo,O.I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Itam,E.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Konya,R.S.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VI
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
RO</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Mice</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>235</St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page><End_Page>239</End_Page><Periodical>Phytotherapy Research</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0951-418X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cros
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 River State, Nigeria</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phytotherapy Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Phytother.Res.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Akah</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3659</RecNum><IDText>Preliminary studies on purgative effect of Carica papaya root extract</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3659</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Preliminary studies on purgative effect of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> root extract</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Akah,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oli,A.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Enwerem,N.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gamaniel,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ate_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>ROOT</Keywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>327</Start_Page><End_Page>3
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
1</End_Page><Periodical>Fitoterapia</Periodical><Volume>68</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0367-326X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Akah,P.A.; Oli,A.N.: Dep. Pharmacol. Toxicol., Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Fitoterapia
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Akah et al. 1997; Eno et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and the complex, largely uncharacterised, chemical composition of papaya latex, suggests the potential for uncharacterised effects on the healt\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
h of humans or other organisms.  A compound present in crushed papaya seed that is believed to have activity against helminthic intestinal parasites, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), has been shown to have an effect on vascular contraction using a canine car
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tid artery in vitro model }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Wilson</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3647</RecNum><IDText>Effects of papaya seed extract and benzyl isothiocyanate on vascular contraction</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3647</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effects of papaya seed extract and benzyl isothiocyanate on vascular contraction</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wilson,R.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kwan,T.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kwa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
,C.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sorger,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Calcium</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>exposure</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>INHIBITION</Keywords><Keywords>Membrane</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>49
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Start_Page><End_Page>507</End_Page><Periodical>Life Sciences</Periodical><Volume>71</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0024-3205</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Kwan,C.Y.: Smooth Muscle Research Program, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
W., HSC 4N40, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. E-Mail: kwancy@mcmaster.ca</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Life Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Life Sci.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 DL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Wilson et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Other studies have suggested possible purgative effects of root extracts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Akah</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3659</RecNum><IDText>Preliminary studies on purgative effec\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t of Carica papaya root extract</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3659</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Preliminary studies on purgative effect of <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> root extract</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Akah,P.A.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oli,A.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Enwerem,N.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gamaniel,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>ROOT</Keywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>327</Start_Page><End_Page>331</End_Page><Periodical>Fitoterapia</Periodical><Volume>68</Volume><Issue>4</Issue>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ISSN_ISBN>0367-326X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Akah,P.A.; Oli,A.N.: Dep. Pharmacol. Toxicol., Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Fitoterapia</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Akah et a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l. 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and antihypertensive activity of fruit extracts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Eno</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3658</RecNum><IDText>Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hype\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rtension in the rat</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3658</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat</Title_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Authors_Primary>Eno,A.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Owo,O.I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Itam,E.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Konya,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Caric
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Mice</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>235</Start_Page><End_Page>239</End_Page><Periodical>Phytotherapy Research</Periodical><Volum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>14</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0951-418X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phytotherapy Researc
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Eno et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The presence of cyanogenic compounds in papaya has also been reported }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REF
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Seigler</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3645</RecNum><IDText>Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from Passiflora edulis and Carica papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3645</Ref_ID><Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary>Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from <i>Passiflora edulis</i> and <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Seigler,D.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pauli,G.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nahrstedt,A.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Authors_Primary>Leen,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>BETA</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Caricaceae</Keywords><Keywords>chemical</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>Glucosides</Keywords><Keywords>Glycosides</Keywords><Keywords>LEAF</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>873</Start_Page><End_Page>882</End_Page><Periodical>Phytochemistry
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Periodical><Volume>60</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0031-9422</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phytochemistry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Seigler et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253580}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.1.1\tab Impacts on mammalian reproduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253580}
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\b0\i\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253581}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Impacts on men and other male mammals{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253581}
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{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The antifertility properties of papaya, particularly of the seeds, have been the subject of significant evaluation using animal models, especially in India where there is interest in the development of a safe and effective oral male contraceptive }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN RE\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
FMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lohiya</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>3654</RecNum><IDText>Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rabbits</IDText><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3654</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> in rabbits</T
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tle_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohiya,N.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mishra,P.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pathak,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manivannan,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jain,S.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
99</Date_Primary><Keywords>ACID</Keywords><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>animals</Keywords><Keywords>Body Weight</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords
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DEHYDROGENASE</Keywords><Keywords>efficacy</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Rabbits</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seed
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>141</Start_Page><End_Page>161</End_Page><Periodical>Advances in Contraception</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0267-4874</ISSN_ISBN><Address
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, RAJ, 302 004, India</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Advances in Contraception</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Adv.Contracept.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Workform
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.  A complete loss of fertility has been reported in male rabbits, rats and monkeys fed an extract of papaya seeds }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lohiya</Author><Year>2002</Year><Rec
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Num>3650</RecNum><IDText>Chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3650</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Chloroform extract of Carica papay
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohiya,N.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manivannan,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mishra,P.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pathak,N.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Authors_Primary>Sriram,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bhande,S.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Panneerdoss,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>Cytoplasm</Keywords><Keywords>electron microscopy</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>FERTILE</Keywords><Keywords>INHIBITION</Keywords><Keywords>LIGHT</Keywords><Keywords>L
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 O\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
NG-TERM</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>microscopy</Keywords><Keywords>mitochondria</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>Organelles</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>toxicology</Keywords><Keywords>ultrastructure</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>17</Start_Page><End_Page>26</End_Page><Periodical>Asian Journal of Andrology</Periodical><Volum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>4</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>1008-682</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Reproductive Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302 004, India</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Asian Journal of Andrology</f></ZZ_Journa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Full><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Lohiya</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>3654</RecNum><IDText>Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Ca
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ica papaya in rabbits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3654</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of <i>Carica
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/i> <i>papaya</i> in rabbits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohiya,N.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mishra,P.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pathak,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manivannan,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jain,S.C.<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>ACID</Keywords><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>animals</Keywords><Keywords>Body Weight</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>control</Keywords><Keywords>DEHYDROGENASE</Keywords><Keywords>efficacy</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Rabbits</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>141</Start_Page><End_Page>161</End_Page><Periodical>Advances in Contraception</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_IS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
N>0267-4874</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, RAJ, 302 004, India</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Advances in Contraception</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Adv.Contracept.</f></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Z_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pathak</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3652</RecNum><IDText>Sterility due to inhibition of sperm motility by oral administration of benzene chromatographic fraction of the chlo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
oform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rats</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3652</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sterility due to inhibition of sperm motility by oral administration of benzene chromatographic fraction of
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
the chloroform extract of the seeds of <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> in rats</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pathak,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mishra,P.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manivannan,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohiya,N.K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Body Weight</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>INHIBITION</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>PROLIFERATION</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>Seeds</Keywords><Keywords>SUPPRESSION</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>Toxicity</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>325</Start_Page><End_Page>333</End_Page><Periodical>Phytomedicine</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0944-7113</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Lohiya,N.K.: Reproductive Ph
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
siology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 004, India</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phytomedicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Lohiya et al. 1999; Pathak et al. 200\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0; Lohiya et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, suggesting that ingestion of papaya seeds may adversely affect the fertility of human males or other male mammals.
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\b0\i\fs20\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253582}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Impacts on women and other female mammals{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253582}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In India and parts of south-east Asia and In\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
donesia, consumption of papaya fruit is widely believed to be harmful during pregnancy, since papaya is believed to have abortifacient properties (induces miscarriage during pregnancy) or teratogenic properties (causes malformations of the foetus) }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
EFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Adebiyi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3646</RecNum><IDText>Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model</IDTe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 x\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3646</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya (<i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i>) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat mo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
el</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adebiyi,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adaikan,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Prasad,R.N.V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>AGENTS</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sia</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>LATEX</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gnancy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Keywords>SITE</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Reprint><Start_Page>199</Start_Page><End_Page>203</End_Page><Periodical>British.Journal of Nutrition</Periodical><Volume>88</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0007-1145</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Adaikan,P.G: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Un
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
versity of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore. E-Mail: obgadaik@nus.edu.sg</Address><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">British.Journal of Nutrition</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Ref
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 an>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Adebiyi et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  For example, Adebiyi et al. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Adebiyi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3646</RecNum><IDText>Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scien\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3646</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya (<i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i>) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adebiyi,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adaikan,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Prasad,R.N.V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2
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02</Date_Primary><Keywords>AGENTS</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>L
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TEX</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Pregnancy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Keywords>SITE</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>199</Start_Page><End_Page>203</End_Page><Periodical>British.Journal of Nutrition</Periodical><Volume>88</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0007-1145</ISS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 N\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_ISBN><Address>Adaikan,P.G: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore. E-Mail: obgadaik@nus.edu.sg</Address><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">British.Journal of Nut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ition</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 suggest that unripe papaya fruit may induce miscarriage in susceptible pregnant human females.  Conversely, a papaya fruit extract is used for prevention of misc\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 arriage by traditional African healers }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Eno</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3658</RecNum><IDText>Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat</\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3658</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of <i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i> (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat</Title_Primary><Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>Eno,A.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Owo,O.I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Itam,E.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Konya,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Mice</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>physi
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logy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>235</Start_Page><End_Page>239</End_Page><Periodical>Phytotherapy Research</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>4
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0951-418X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phytotherapy Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Phytother.Res.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Eno et al. 2000)}
}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  A number of early studies, largely conducted in India, suggested that unripe papaya fruit, latex extr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 acts or papaya seeds have deleterious effects on pregnancy in laboratory animals }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schmidt</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3663</RecNum><IDText>Effect of papain on different phases of prenatal ontogenesis in rats</ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Text><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3663</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effect of papain on different phases of prenatal ontogenesis in rats</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary>
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Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>embryogenesis</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>Papain</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>PHASES</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Pregnancy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>55</End_Page><Periodical>Reproductive Toxicology</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0890-6238</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Sonnenweg 44 a, D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
30851 Langenhagen, Germany</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Reproductive Toxicology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Reprod.Toxicol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Schmidt 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  However, more recent analysis suggests that ripe papaya fruit or purified papain do not cause malformations of rat foetuses.

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ingestion of unprocessed ripe papaya fruit has no impact on the number of viable foetuses or foetal weight in rats }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Adebiyi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3646</RecNum><IDText>Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3646</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya (<i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i>) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
at model</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adebiyi,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adaikan,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Prasad,R.N.V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>AGENTS</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>Asia</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>LATEX</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>Pregnancy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Keywords>SITE</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
1/03</Reprint><Start_Page>199</Start_Page><End_Page>203</End_Page><Periodical>British.Journal of Nutrition</Periodical><Volume>88</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0007-1145</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Adaikan,P.G: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Natio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore. E-Mail: obgadaik@nus.edu.sg</Address><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">British.Journal of Nutrition</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Adebiyi et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Likewise, purified papain derived from latex of unripe papaya did not impact adversely on prenatal development when administered orally to pregnant rats }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schmidt</Author><Year>1995\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>3663</RecNum><IDText>Effect of papain on different phases of prenatal ontogenesis in rats</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3663</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effect of papain on different phases of prenatal ontog
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nesis in rats</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>embryogenesis</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>Papain</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>PHASES</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Pregnancy</Keywords><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>55</End_Page><Periodical>Reproductive Toxicol
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gy</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0890-6238</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Sonnenweg 44 a, D-30851 Langenhagen, Germany</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Reproductive Toxicology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="Syst
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m">Reprod.Toxicol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Schmidt 1995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  However, in vitro, crude latex derived from unripe papaya fruit stimulates contractions in non-pregnant rat uterus }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Ref\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
man><Cite><Author>Adebiyi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3646</RecNum><IDText>Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model</IDText><MDL Ref_Typ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3646</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Papaya (<i>Carica</i> <i>papaya</i>) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model</Title_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Authors_Primary>Adebiyi,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adaikan,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Prasad,R.N.V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>AGENTS</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Asia</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>LATEX</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Pregnancy</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Keywords>Rats</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Keywords>SITE</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><Keywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Page>199</Start_Page><End_Page>203</End_Page><Periodical>British.Journal of Nutrition</Periodical><Volume>88</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0007-1145</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Adaikan,P.G: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Sin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
apore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore. E-Mail: obgadaik@nus.edu.sg</Address><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">British.Journal of Nutrition</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Adebiyi et \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253583}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 2.2\tab \tab Inherent allergenicity of papaya{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253583}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Papain, a product of papaya latex, is widely used in both the food manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries.  Sensitisation to papain among workers in these industri\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 es is well known }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Iliev</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3660</RecNum><IDText>Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3660<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Iliev,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Elsner,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>allergy</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>Case Report</Keywords><Keywords>dermatitis</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Keywords>Hypersensitivity</Keywords><Keywords>Papain</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/03</Reprint><Start_Page>364</Start_Page><End_Page>366</End_Page><Periodical>Dermatology</Periodical><Volume>194</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>1018-8665</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Iliev,D.: University Hosp. Zurich, Dep. Dermatol., Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
urich, Switzerland</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dermatology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Baur</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>3655</RecNum><IDText>Baking additives as new allergens in baker&a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
os;s asthma</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3655</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Baking additives as new allergens in baker&apos;s asthma</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baur,X.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sauer,W.</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weiss,W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>allergen</Keywords><Keywords>Allergens</Keywords><Keywords>Asthma</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>70</Start_Page><End_Page>72</End_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ge><Periodical>Respiration</Periodical><Volume>54</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>RESPB</ISSN_ISBN><Address>KLINIKUM GROSSHADERN, POSTFACH 70 12 60, D-8000 MUNICH 70, FRG</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Respiration</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_Wor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 k\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 formID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Baur et al. 1988; Iliev & Elsner 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies against all four of the major papaya cysteine proteinases in latex (papain, chymopapain, caricain and glycyl endopeptidase) have been\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 identified in people who show an allergic response to a pharmaceutical product derived from papaya latex }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Dando</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3600</RecNum><IDText>Immunoglobulin e antibodies to papaya proteinases\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and their relevance to chemonucleolysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3600</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Immunoglobulin e antibodies to papaya proteinases and their relevance to chemonucleolysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Dando,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sharp,S.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Buttle,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Barrett,A.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/5/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>Allergic reaction</Keywords><Keywords>a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tibody</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Caricain</Keywords><Keywords>Chemonucleolysis,</Keywords><Keywords>Chymodiactin</Keywords><Keywords>Chymopapain</Keywords><Keywords>correlation</Keywords><Keywords>ENZYME</Keywords><Keywords>Fru
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t</Keywords><Keywords>Glycyl endopeptidase</Keywords><Keywords>Immunoglobulin E</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>LATEX</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Papain</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>981</Start_Page><End_Page>985</End_Page><Periodical>Spine</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0362-2436</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Barrett,A.J.: STRANGEWAYS RES LAB DEPT BIOCHEM WORTS CAUSEWAY CAMBRI
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
GE CB1 4RN ENGLAND STRANGEWAYS RES LAB DEPT BIOCHEM CAMBRIDGE CB1 4RN ENGLAND</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Spine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Dando et al. 1995)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  The presence of these antibodie\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s demonstrates that all four cysteine proteinases are allergenic.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Papaya may also have allergenic properties when ingested.  For example, an allergic reaction, manifesting as a skin rash, has been reported following use of throat lozenges containing pa\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
paya, which appeared to be due to the papaya extract contained in the lozenges }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Iliev</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3660</RecNum><IDText>Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges</IDText><MD\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
L Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3660</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Iliev,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Elsner,P.</Authors_Primary><Da
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>allergy</Keywords><Keywords>Case Report</Keywords><Keywords>dermatitis</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Keywords>Hypersensitivity</Keywords><Keywords>Papain</Keywords><Keywords>papay
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>Water</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/11/03</Reprint><Start_Page>364</Start_Page><End_Page>366</End_Page><Periodical>Dermatology</Periodical><Volume>194</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>1018-8665</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Iliev,D.: Unive
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sity Hosp. Zurich, Dep. Dermatol., Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dermatology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Iliev & Elsner 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  An extreme allergic \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 reaction to skin contact with unprocessed papaya fruit has also been reported }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ezeoke</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>3601</RecNum><IDText>Hypersensitivity to paw-paw carica-papaya report of a case</IDText><MDL Ref_\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3601</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Hypersensitivity to paw-paw carica-papaya report of a case</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ezeoke,A.C.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1985</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a</Keywords><Keywords>chemical</Keywords><Keywords>EXTRACT</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Hypersensitivity</Keywords><Keywords>IgE</Keywords><Keywords>pathology</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>121</Start_Page><End_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
24</End_Page><Periodical>African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>3-4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>AJMSD</ISSN_ISBN><Address>DEP CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY, COLLEGE MED, UNIV NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS, ENUGU, NIGERIA</Address><ZZ_Jo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rnalFull><f name="System">African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Afr.J.Med.Med.Sci.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Ezeoke 1985)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb360\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 
\b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253584}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab Weediness of papAYA{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253584}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 There have been numerous attempts to characterise the \hich\f0 \lquote 
\loch\f0 typical\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  traits of weeds }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1965</Year><RecNum>1091</RecNum><IDText>The genetics of colonizing spec
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ies: Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1091</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The genetics of colonizing species: Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds</Title_Primary><Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Primary>Baker,H.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1965</Date_Primary><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</Keywords><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>147</Start_Page><End_Page>172</End_Page><Title_Secondary>The 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 G\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
enetics of Colonizing Species</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Baker,H.G.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Stebbins,G.L.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>New York and London</Pub_Place><Publisher>Academic Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_Workfor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Roy</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2690</RecNum><IDText>In search of the characteristics of plant invaders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2690</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>In search 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f the characteristics of plant invaders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roy,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>biological</Keywords><Keywords>invasion</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>33
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Start_Page><End_Page>352</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>di Castri,F.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hansen,A.J.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Debus
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
che,M.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>20</Issue><Pub_Place>Dordrecht, The Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0-7923-0411-X</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Bazzaz</Author><Yea
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>1986</Year><RecNum>3941</RecNum><IDText>Life history of colonizing plants: some demographic, genetic and physiological features</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3941</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Life history of colo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
izing plants: some demographic, genetic and physiological features</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bazzaz,F.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>ECO
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
OGY</Keywords><Keywords>biological</Keywords><Keywords>invasion</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>96</Start_Page><End_Page>110</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Ecology of Biological Invasions</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Mooney,H.A.</Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Drake,J.A.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Springer-Verlag</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Noble</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>3942</RecNum><IDText>Att
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ibutes of invaders and the invading process: terrestrial and vascular plants</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3942</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Attributes of invaders and the invading process: terrestrial and vascula
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 plants</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Noble,I.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>biological</Keywords><Keywords>invasion</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
301</Start_Page><End_Page>314</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Drake,J.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Mooney,H.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>di Castri,F.</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kruger,F.J.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Rejmanek,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Williamson,M.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Chichester</Pub_Place><Publishe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>John Wiley &amp; Sons</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Williamson</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>3943</RecNum><IDText>The characters of successful invaders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Ref_ID>3943</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The characters of successful invaders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Williamson,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fitter,A.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Pa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e>163</Start_Page><End_Page>170</End_Page><Periodical>Biological conservation</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biological conservation</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Baker 1965; Baz\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 zaz 1986; Noble 1989; Williamson & Fitter 1996; Roy 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, but the most successful predictors of weediness remain taxonomic affinity to other weedy species and the history of a given species\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  weediness elsewhere in the world }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Cite><Author>Panetta</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>3424</RecNum><IDText>A system of assessing proposed plant introductions for weed potential</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3424</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A system of as
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
essing proposed plant introductions for weed potential</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Panetta,F.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>10</Start_Page><End_Page>14</End_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ge><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Dep. Lands, GPO Box 1401, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pheloung</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>3944</RecNum><IDText>A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Jo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rnal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3944</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pheloung,P.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Williams,P.A.,<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Halloy,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Keywords>biological</Keywords><Keywords>weediness</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>REGION</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>239</Start_Page><End_Page>2
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
1</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Environmental Management</Periodical><Volume>57</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Environmental Management</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Panet\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ta 1993; Pheloung et al. 1999)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253585}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.1\tab \tab Weediness in Australia{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253585}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In Australia, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~papaya}{
\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is not considered to be a problematic weed of either agriculture }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2443</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished report to Agriculture, Fisheries and
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Forestry Australia.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2443</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished report to Agriculture, F
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sheries and Forestry Australia.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hosking,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johnson,R.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lepsch
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mitchell,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moerkerk,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Waterhouse,B.M.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Ecosystem</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Publisher>CRC for Weed Management Systems</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Groves et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or of the natural environment }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1640</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to Environment Australia by the CRC for Weed Management Systems.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Unpublished Work"><Ref_Type>Unpublished Work</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1640</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The naturalised
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to Environment Australia by the CRC for Weed Management Systems.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
king,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Batianoff,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cowie,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Keighery,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Authors_Primary>Walsh,N.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>biodiversity</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><ZZ_WorkformID>5</ZZ_Wo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 kformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Groves et al. 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  However, naturalised (feral) populations of}{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  have been identified from nine locations in coastal Queensland }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRAL
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
A</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Australia\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s Virtual Herbarium 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , ranging from the State\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s far north-east to south-east.  Herbarium records and associat\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ed specimen notes indicate that in Queensland, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  may form small, low-density self-perpetuating populations (data provided by the Queensland Herbarium).}{\f30\fs20 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 No other papaya (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) species have naturalised in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refm\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
an><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2443</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished report to Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia.</ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ext><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2443</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished report to Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tralia.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hosking,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johnson,R.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lepschi,B.J.</Authors_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary>Mitchell,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moerkerk,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Waterhouse,B.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>200
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Ecosystem</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Publisher>CRC for Weed Management Systems</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Ci
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1640</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to Environment Australia by the CRC for Weed Managem
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nt Systems.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Unpublished Work"><Ref_Type>Unpublished Work</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1640</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nvironment Australia by the CRC for Weed Management Systems.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hosking,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Batianoff,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Authors_Primary>Cowie,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Keighery,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walsh,N.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>biodiversity</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><ZZ_WorkformID>5</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Groves et al. 2000; Groves et al. 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .}{\f30\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253586}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.2\tab \tab Weediness in o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ther regions{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253586}

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Generally, papaya is not considered to be a problematic weed of any region of the world }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>(L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_Page>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>Franc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Nevertheless, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 has naturalised in many tropical and sub-tropical countries }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A Global Compendium of Weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A Global Compendium
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of Weeds</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Start_Page><End_Page>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richardson</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rprandall@a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ric.wa.gov.au</Address><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Randall 2002)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Space et al. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Space</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3605<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/RecNum><IDText>Invasive plant species on Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3605</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Invasive plant species on Rota, Commonweal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
h of the Northern Mariana Islands</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Space,J.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Waterhouse,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Denslow,J.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nelson,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Da
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>forest</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.hear.org/pier/rreport.htm</Periodical><Publisher>Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry</Publisher><Address>U.S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D.A. Forest Service&#xA;Pacific Southwest Research Station&#xA;Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry&#xA;Honolulu, Hawai&apos;i, USA</Address><Web_URL><u>http://www.hear.org/pier/rreport.htm</u></Web_URL><Web_URL_Link3><u>http://www.hear.org/</u></Web_URL
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Link3><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.hear.org/pier/rreport.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  have suggested that in Rota, of the Mariana Islands, papaya may be invasive in highly\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  disturbed habitats.  Similarly, Kwit et al. }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kwit</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3764</RecNum><IDText>Post-hurricane regeneration of pioneer plant species in south Florida subtropical hardwood hamm\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ocks</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3764</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Post-hurricane regeneration of pioneer plant species in south Florida subtropical hardwood hammocks</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kwit,C.</Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Authors_Primary>Platt,W.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Slater,H.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>regeneration</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>244</Start_Page><End_Page>251</E
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d_Page><Periodical>Biotropica</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biotropica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  observed the establishment of exotic }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  seed\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lings following disturbance of forest canopies by a hurricane.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Internationally, the small shrub, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \~}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 pubescens}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 (formerly }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica\~pubescens}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ; \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 mountain papaya\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 ), is the only relative of papaya that has been recorded as a weed }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
efman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A Global Compendium of Weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A Global Compendium of Weeds</Title_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Pag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richardson</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rprandall@agric.wa.gov.au</Addre
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Randall 2002)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Mountain papaya has naturalised in parts of New Zealand }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allan Herbarium</Author><Year>2000</Ye
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ar><RecNum>3844</RecNum><IDText>New Zealand Plant Names Database. Landcare Research, New Zealand.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3844</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>New Zealand Plant Names Database. Lan
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
care Research, New Zealand.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allan Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://nzflora.landcareresearch.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
o.nz/default.aspx</Periodical><Web_URL><u>http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/plantnames</u> (Accessed 20 February 2003)</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/default.aspx</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Workf
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rmID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allan Herbarium 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and is considered to be \hich\f0 \lquote 
\loch\f0 moderately invasive\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  in some tropical areas }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A Global Comp\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
endium of Weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A Global Compendium of Weeds</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>we
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richardson<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rprandall@agric.wa.gov.au</Address><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te><Author>Bingelli</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>3846</RecNum><IDText>Invasive Woody Plants in the Tropics: Provisional List of Woody Plant Species Invasive in the Tropics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ype><Ref_ID>3846</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Invasive Woody Plants in the Tropics: Provisional List of Woody Plant Species Invasive in the Tropics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bingelli,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hall,J.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Healy,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html</Periodical><Web_URL><u>ht
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
p://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refm
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bingelli et al. 1999; Randall 2002)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \i\fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \~}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 pubescens}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  does not occur in Australia }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Z_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Australian Plant Name Index</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3845</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3845</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Plant Name Index</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni.html</Periodical><Web_URL><u>http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni.html</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1640</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ustralia: its categorisation and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to Environment Australia by the CRC for Weed Management Systems.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Unpublished Work"><Ref_Type>Unpublished Work</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1640</Ref_ID><T
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tle_Primary>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to native plant biodiversity. Unpublished report to Environment Australia by the CRC for Weed Management Systems.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Authors_Primary>Hosking,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Batianoff,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cowie,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Keighery,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walsh,N.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>biodiversity</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Rep
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
int><ZZ_WorkformID>5</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Groves</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2443</RecNum><IDText>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished report to Agri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ulture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2443</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The naturalised non-native flora of Australia: its categorisation and threat to agricultural ecosystems. Unpublished re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ort to Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Groves,R.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hosking,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johnson,R.W.</Authors_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary>Lepschi,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mitchell,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moerkerk,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rozefelds,A.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wate
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
house,B.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Ecosystem</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Publisher>CRC for Weed Management Systems</Publish
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Groves et al. 2000; Groves et al. 2002; Australia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Virtual Herbarium 2003; Australian Plant Name Index 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .}{\f30\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb360\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253587}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab Potential for gene transfer from papaya to}{\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  other organisms{\*\bkmkend _Toc20804206}{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253587}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The possibility of genes transferring from }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  to other organisms is addressed below.  }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Potentially}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, genes could be transferred to: (1) commercially and domestically cultivated papaya and naturalised papaya populations, (2) wild pap\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 aya (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
) species, (3) other plant genera, and (4) other organisms.  With particular regard to the possibility of gene transfer to other plants (including other papaya plants), each of two potential barriers must be overcome before gene flow can oc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cur successfully.  }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pre-zygotic}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 barriers include geographic separation, differences in floral phenology, different pollen vectors and different mating systems such as stigmatic or stylar incompatibility systems.  }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Post-zygotic}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  barriers include genetic incomp\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 atibility at meiosis, selective abortion, lack of hybrid fitness and sterile or unfit backcross progeny.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1695\li1695\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1695\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253588}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.1\tab \tab Gene transfer to cultivated and naturalised }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~
papaya}{{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253588}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cross-pollination of one }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya
}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  plant to another medi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ated via an insect pollen vector is the most likely means by which papaya genes could be transferred from papaya to other organisms, including cultivated and naturalised }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  In Australia, hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) are the most likely poll\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 en vectors (see Section 1.5.1)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Viable seeds and potentially fertile progeny would be produced when pollen is transferred between papaya plants, irrespective of whether the transfer occurred to cultivated or naturalised papayas.  As naturalised papayas \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
occur throughout the range of papaya cultivation }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 fman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Australia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Virtual Herbarium 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, gene transfer between naturalised and cultivated papayas is likely.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253589}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.2\tab \tab Gene transfer to wild papayas (}{\i\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{
\cf1 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp.){\*\bkmkend _Toc35253589}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The closest relatives of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya
}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and, therefore, t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 he species with which }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is most likely to hybridise and exchange genes are species of }{
\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (formerly, }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Badillo</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3626</RecNum><IDText>Carica L. vs. Vasconcella St.\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Hil. (Caricaceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3626</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><i>Carica</i> L. vs. <i>Vasconcella</i> St. Hil. (Caricaceae) con la Rehabilitacion de este Ultimo</Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary><Authors_Primary>Badillo,V.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Caricaceae</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>79</End_Page><Periodical>Ernstia</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 JournalFull><f name="System">Ernstia</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Badillo 2002)}}}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  None of these species occurs in Australia, eliminating the likelihood of genes transferring naturally to wild papaya species.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Nevertheless, wild papayas (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 spp.) naturally posses a number of desirable traits including resistance to pathogens, cold tolerance and higher sugar content of fruit }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Drew<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3974</RecNum><IDText>Development of interspecific Carica hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3974</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of interspecific <i>Carica</i> hybrids</Title_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Brien,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Reprint>Not in Fil
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Reprint><Start_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Page>291</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Drew et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , that breeders have sought to introduce into }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  using traditional plant breeding techniques.  Difficulties in producing hybrids between }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{
\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. underscore the negligible risk of gene \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 transfer from }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 to wild papayas in Australia.  For instance, several investigations }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Drew</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3974</RecNum><IDText>Development of interspecific Carica hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Typ\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3974</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of interspecific <i>Carica</i> hybrids</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Brien,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Page>291</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>3787</RecNum><IDText>Interspecific hybridization
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
of papaya with other Carica species</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Interspecific hybridization of papaya with other <i>Carica</i> species</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Auth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rs_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wenslaff,T.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURE</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURES</Keywords><Keywords>DEHYDROGENASE</Keywords><Keywords>EMBRYOS</Keywords><Keywords>Endos
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
erm</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Isoenzymes
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>Malate Dehydrogenase</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</Keywords><Keywords>OVULE</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>TISSU
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
S</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>689</Start_Page><End_Page>694</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</Periodical><Volume>114</Volume><Issue>4
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0003-1062</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformI
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>3560</RecNum><IDText>Zygotic polyembryony in interspecific hybrids of Carica papaya and C. cauliflora</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D>3560</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Zygotic polyembryony in interspecific hybrids of <i>Carica papaya</i> and <i>C. cauliflora</i></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wenslaff,T.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Date_Primary><Keywords>ACID</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>chemical</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURE</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURES</Keywords><Keywords>DEHYDROGENASE</Keywords><Keywords>DISRUPTION</Keywords><Keywords>embryo culture</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>embryology</Keywords><Keywords>EMBRYOS</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>GROWTH</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>interspecific hybrids</Keywords><Keywords>isozyme electophoresis</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Keywords>Malate Dehydrogenase</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>pollen tube fluorescence</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>PROLIFERATION</Keywords><Keywords>somatic embryogenesis</Keywords><Keywords>TISSUES</Keywords><Keywords>VIT
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
O</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>684</Start_Page><End_Page>689</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</Periodical><Volume>114</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0003-1062</ISSN_ISBN><Address>DEP HO
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
TICULTURE, UNIV HAWAII, HONOLULU, HI 96822</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Manshardt & Wenslaff 1989a; Manshardt \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 & Wenslaff 1989b; Drew et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  have indicated that following pollination of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.
\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  with pollen from wild papayas (and vice versa), pollen grains germinate on the stigma successfully and pollen tubes grow through the style and penetrate the ovule\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s, thereby facilitating fertilisation.  Subsequently, however, abortion of these ovules, or endosperm failure, prevents further development of hybrid embryos or production of viable mature seed.  These post-zygotic barriers to successful hybrid formation 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ave limited the success of traditional breeding programs }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3789</RecNum><IDText>Biotechnology of papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>37\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
89</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Biotechnology of papaya</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>antisense</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>Auxins</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>COAT PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURE</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURES</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE RESISTANCE</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>Floweri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
g</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene dosage</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>genetic transformation</Keywords><Keywords>GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>genotype</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>interspecific hybrids</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>meth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds</Keywords><Keywords>OVULE</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>Polymorphism</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>protoplast</Keywords><Keywords>RAP
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>regeneration</Keywords><Keywords>REGION</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keywords><Keywords>sex-determination</Keywords><Keywords>STRAIN</Keywords><Keywords>STRAINS</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>SYNTHASE</Keywords><Keywords>TISSUES</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
5</Start_Page><End_Page>73</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><Authors_Secondary>Drew,
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.</Authors_Secondary><ISSN_ISBN>0567-7572; 39 ref</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropic
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Manshardt & Drew 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and indicate that the generation of inter-specific hybr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ids is only possible with significant human intervention, including techniques such as embryo rescue }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3789</RecNum><IDText>Biotechnology of papaya</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Jou\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rnal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3789</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Biotechnology of papaya</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>antisense<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>Auxins</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>COAT PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>crops</Keywords><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>cultivars</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURE</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURES</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE RESISTANCE</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene dosage</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>genetic transformation</Keywords><Keywords>GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>genotype</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>interspecific hybrids</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>OVULE</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>Polymorphism</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>protoplast</Keywords><Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Keywords>regeneration</Keywords><Keywords>REGION</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keywords><Keywords>sex-determination</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>STRAIN</Keywords><Keywords>STRAINS</Keywords><Keywords>SYNTHASE</Keywords><Keywords>TISSUES</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>65</Start_Page><End_Page>73</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 Octob
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r 1997</Periodical><Authors_Secondary>Drew,R.</Authors_Secondary><ISSN_ISBN>0567-7572; 39 ref</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the Intern
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tional Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Manshardt & Drew 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  When hybr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ids are generated using these techniques, they appear as morphological intermediates between the two parental species }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Magdalita</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3479</RecNum><IDText>Morphological, molecular and cyto\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
logical analyses of Carica papaya X C. cauliflora interspecific hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3479</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Morphological, molecular and cytological analyses of <i>Carica papaya</i> X <i>C. cauli
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lora</i> interspecific hybrids</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adkins,S.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Godwin,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>aneuploid</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>C.cauliflora Jacq.</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Carica papaya L.</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>colour</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>FERTILE</Keywords><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>hermaphrodite</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>interspecific hybrids</Keywords><Keywords>LEAF</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>molecular</Keywords><Keywords>PATTERNS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLAN
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
S</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION</Keywords><Keywords>Polymerase Chain Reaction</Keywords><Keywords>Polymorphism</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Keywords>random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>RAPD</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>224</Start_Page><End_Page>229</End_Page><Periodical>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</Periodical><Volume>95</Volume><Issue>1-2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0040-5752</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Godwin,I.D.: Dep. 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gric., Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Theoretical and Applied Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Magdalita et al. 1997)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls13\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  In Australia, embry\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o rescue was used successfully to produce hybrids between }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and wild papaya (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vasconcella}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) species including }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 V.\~quercifolia}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 V.\~pubescens}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 V.\~goudotiana}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 V.\~parfiflora}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  However, many hybrids were of low vigour and did not survive when transplant\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ed to the field }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Drew</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3974</RecNum><IDText>Development of interspecific Carica hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3974</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Development of interspecific <i>Carica</i> hybrids</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Brien,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>HY
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
RIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Page>291</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Que
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nsland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 Oct
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ber 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Drew et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.  Although other hybrids survived to reproductive maturity and a few produced viable pollen }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Drew</Author><Year\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>1998</Year><RecNum>3974</RecNum><IDText>Development of interspecific Carica hybrids</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3974</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of interspecific <i>Carica</i> hybrids</Title_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Drew,R.A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O&apos;Brien,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magdalita,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
art_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Page>291</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</Periodical><ZZ_JournalF
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ll><f name="System">Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species, part II, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 29 September to 3 October 1997</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Drew et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , the backcross progeny (derived from re-crossing to the original }{\i\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  parent) were infertile, probably because of large changes to the chromosomes }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>OECD</Author><Year>2003</Year><Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cNum>3828</RecNum><IDText>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of <i>Carica papaya </i>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
L.) (Papaya)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>OECD</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>Carica papaya</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>2</Start_Page><End_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ge>29</End_Page><Volume>5 February 2003</Volume><Pub_Place>France</Pub_Place><Publisher>OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</Publisher><Title_Series>Series on harmonization of regulatory oversight in biotechnology</Title_Series><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (OECD 2003)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253590}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.3\tab \tab Gene transfer to other plants{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253590}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The inability of papaya to hybridise naturally with its closest relatives and the infertility of such hybrids when t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hey are formed artificially, illustrates the reproductive isolation of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.
\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  from other plant groups }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Manshardt</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>3787</RecNum><IDText>Interspecific hybridization of papaya with oth\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er Carica species</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Interspecific hybridization of papaya with other <i>Carica</i> species</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manshardt,R.M.</Authors_Primary><Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary>Wenslaff,T.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURE</Keywords><Keywords>CULTURES</Keywords><Keywords>DEHYDROGENASE</Keywords><Keywords>EMBRYOS</Keywords><Keywords>Endosperm</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>Fruit</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Isoenzymes</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>Malate Dehydrogenase</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</Keywords><Keywords>OVULE</Keywords><Keywords>papaya</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>pollination</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>TISSUES</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>689</Start_Page><End_Page>694</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</Periodical><Volume>114</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
0003-1062</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Manshardt & Wenslaff 1989a)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and indicates that the likelihood of gene transfer between }{
\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and other plant species is negligible.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene transfer to unrelated plant species is highly improbable because of pre- and post-zyg\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
otic genetic incompatibility barriers that are well documented for distantly related plant groups.  No evidence for horizontal gene transfer from papaya to other plant taxa has been identified.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1695\li1695\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1418{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\ilvl12\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1695\itap0 
\b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc17624453}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc30935316}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc30935993}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc31012157}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc31192916}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc31513560}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc31791743}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc31793341}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc33605117}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253591}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.4\tab \tab 
Gene transfer to other organisms (microorganisms and animals, inclduing humans){\*\bkmkend _Toc17624453}{\*\bkmkend _Toc30935316}{\*\bkmkend _Toc30935993}{\*\bkmkend _Toc31012157}{\*\bkmkend _Toc31192916}{\*\bkmkend _Toc31513560}{\*\bkmkend _Toc31791743}
{\*\bkmkend _Toc31793341}{\*\bkmkend _Toc33605117}{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253591}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The most likely means by which genes could be transferred from papaya to non-plant organisms is by horizontal gene transfer.  This is extremely unlikely and has not been demonstrated under natural conditions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ite><Author>Syvanen</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>764</RecNum><IDText>In search of horizontal gene transfer</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>764</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>In search of horizontal gene transfer</Title_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Authors_Primary>Syvanen,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>antibiotic</Keywords><Keywords>antibiotic resistance</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>B
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
otechnology</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>Drug Resistance,Microbial</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>genetic transformation</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>immunology</Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin</Keywords><Keywords>LYMPHOCYTES</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>Mice</Keywords><Keywords>Microbiology</Keywords><Keywords>Neomycin</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Species Specificity</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>Transformation,Genetic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
33</Start_Page><Periodical>Nature Biotechnology</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mai
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
: syvanen@ucdavis.edu</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Nature Biotechnology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Biotechnol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1369</RecNum><IDText>Evaluation of possible horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to the soil bacterium Acinobactor calcoaceticus BD 413</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1369</Ref_ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Title_Primary>Evaluation of possible horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to the soil bacterium <i>Acinobactor calcoaceticus </i>BD 413</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gebhard,F.</Authors_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997=October</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>natural transformation</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>soil bacterium</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>transformation frequency</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin</Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin Resistance</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
CELL</Keywords><Keywords>competence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>815</Start_Page><End_Page>821</End_Page><Periodical>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</Periodical><Volume>95</Volume><Issue>5-6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0040-5752</ISSN_ISBN><Avai
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Bones,A.M.: Dep. Bot., Norwegian Univ. Sci. Technol., N-7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Theoretical and Applied Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Ci
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
crobiol.Rev.</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecular Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_J
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
urnalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Van Rie</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>2054</RecNum><IDText>Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis del
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a -endotoxins: importance of specific receptors on the brush border membrane of the mid-gut of target insects.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2054</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Specificity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> del
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a -endotoxins: importance of specific receptors on the brush border membrane of the mid-gut of target insects.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Van Rie,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jansens,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hofte,H.</Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Authors_Primary>Degheele,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Van Mellaert,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>insecticidal</Keywords><Keywords>Bacillus</Keywords><Keywords>Bacillus thuringiensis</Keywords><Keywords>BACILLUS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
THURINGIENSIS</Keywords><Keywords>endotoxin</Keywords><Keywords>BINDING</Keywords><Keywords>Insect</Keywords><Keywords>toxin</Keywords><Keywords>recombinant</Keywords><Keywords>manduca sexta</Keywords><Keywords>TOXINS</Keywords><Keywords>toxic</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>Toxicity</Keywords><Keywords>Heliothis virescens</Keywords><Keywords>Binding Sites</Keywords><Keywords>BINDING-SITES</Keywords><Keywords>SITE</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>POPULATION</Keywords><Keywords>TISSUES</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>ORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEINS</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>Insects</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>239</Start_Page><End_Page>247</End_Page><Periodical>European
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Journal of Biochemistry</Periodical><Volume>186</Volume><Issue>1-2</Issue><Address>Plant Genetic Systems, Gent, Belgium.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">European Journal of Biochemistry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">E
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r.J.Biochem.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nielsen et al. 1998; Nielsen et al. 1997; Syvanen 1999)}}}
{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Moreover, deliberate attempts to induce such transfers have so far failed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Cite><Author>Schl&#xFC;ter</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>515</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (Erwinia chrysanthemi) occurs- if at all- at an extremely low frequency</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="J
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
urnal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>515</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (<i>Erwinia chrysanthemi</i>) occurs- if at all- at an extremely low frequency</Title_Primary><Authors_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary>Schl&#xFC;ter,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>F&#xFC;tterer,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Potrykus,I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Keywords>SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM</Keywords><Keywords>BETA-LACTAMASE</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>beta-lactamase gene</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</Keywords><Keywords>REPLICATION</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTION</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1094</Start_Page><End_Page>1098</End_Page><Periodical>Bio/Technology</Periodical><Volume>13</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0733-222X</ISSN_ISBN><Availa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ility>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Cent., LFW E-32.1, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Bio/Technology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f name="System">Biotechnology.(N.Y).</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Coghlan</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1772</RecNum><IDText>So far so good: for the moment, the gene genie is staying in its bottle.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1772</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>So far so good: for the moment, the gene genie is staying in its bottle.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Coghlan,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/3/25</D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te_Primary><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>4</Start_Page><Periodical>New Scientist</Periodical><Volume>2231</Volume><Issue>March</Issue><Availability>DIR 007&#xA;New Scientist magazine is also in Journal cupboard</Availabili
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y><Web_URL><u>www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns223136</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">New Scientist</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (eg. Schl\'fc\loch\f0 ter et al. 1995; Coghlan 2000)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Transfer of pla\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nt DNA to bacteria has been demonstrated under highly artificial laboratory conditions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mercer</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1371</RecNum><IDText>Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptoco\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ccus gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1371</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium <i>Streptococcus gordonii </i>DL1 by plasmid DNA in 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uman saliva</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mercer,D.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Scott,K.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bruce-Johnson,W.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glover,L.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Flint,H.J.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Date_Primary>1999=January</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>FATE</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
competitive PCR</Keywords><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>recombinant</Keywords><Keywords>degradation</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>competence</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>EFFICIENCY</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>food</Keywords><Keywords>transform</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>6</Start_Page><End_Page>10</End_Page><Periodical>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</Periodical><Volume>65</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0099-2240</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Me
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cer,D.K.: Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.  E-mail: d.mercer@rri.sari.ac.uk</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="Syst
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
m">Appl.Environ.Microbiol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Gebhard</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>740</RecNum><IDText>Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA</IDTe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 x\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>740</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transformation of <i>Acinetobacter</i> sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gebhard,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=April</Date_Primary><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>STRAIN</Keywords><Keywords>sugar beet</Keywords><Keywords>SUGAR-BEET</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>tr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nsgenic</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1550</Start_Page><End_Page>1554</End_Page><Periodical>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</Periodical><Volume>64</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0099-2240</ISSN_I
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
BN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Biologische Bundesanstalt Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Inst. Biochemie Pflanzenvirologie Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Applied and Environmental Microb
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Appl.Environ.Microbiol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene trans
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MPACT</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>La
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
oratories</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecular B
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Wo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 kformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Gebhard & Smalla 1998; Mercer et al. 1999; Nielsen et al. 1998)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, but even then only at a very low frequency.  Phylogenetic comparison of the sequences of plant and bacterial genes suggests that horizontal \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gene transfer from plants to bacteria during evolutionary history has been extremely rare, if occurring at all }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Doolittle</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>737</RecNum><IDText>Lateral genomics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="J\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ournal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>737</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Lateral genomics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doolittle,W.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>ge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>ORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>M5</Start_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ge><End_Page>M8</End_Page><Periodical>Trends in Cell Biology</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0962-8924</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Dept. of Biochemistry and Mo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4H7, Canada. &#xA;E-Mail: ford@is.dal.ca.</Address><Web_URL>http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest? jcode =tcb. </Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Trends in Cell Biology</f></ZZ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Trends Cell Biol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Title_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecular Biology, Norwegian Un
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
versity of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>4</ZZ_Workf
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rmID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nielsen et al. 1998; Doolittle 1999)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Another example of plant genetic material coming into contact with microorganisms is where a plant pathogen, such as a viral disease, invades a GM plant and the pathogen proliferates \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
inside the GM plant cells.  There is a theoretical possibility of recombination of the introduced genes into the genome of the viral pathogen.  This has only previously been observed at very low levels between homologous sequences under conditions of sele
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tive pressure, eg. regeneration of infectious virus by complementation of a defective virus, containing a deletion mutation in its coat protein, by sequences transcribed from a viral coat gene introduced into a transgenic plant genome }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
efman><Cite><Author>Greene</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1145</RecNum><IDText>Recombination between viral RNA and transgenic plant transcripts</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1145</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Recombination
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
between viral RNA and transgenic plant transcripts</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Greene,A.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allison,R.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>RNA</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>MUTANT</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTIONS</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTION</Keywords><Keywords>transgen
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
c</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1423</Start_Page><End_Page>1425</End_Page><Periodical>Science</Perio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ical><Volume>263</Volume><Issue>5152</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0036-8075</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Plant Biology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA</Address
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Teycheney</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1374</RecNum><IDText>Gene flow from virus-resistant transgenic crops to wild relatives or to
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
infecting viruses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1374</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Gene flow from virus-resistant transgenic crops to wild relatives or to infecting viruses</Title_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Teycheney,P.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tepfer,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>FLOW</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>gene flow</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Keywords>WILD RELATIVES</Keywords><Keywords>crop protection</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>191</Start_Page><End_Page>196</End_Pag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Title_Series>Gene flow and agriculture: Relevance for transgenic crops, British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 72</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Greene & Allison 1994; Teycheney & Tepfer 1999)}}}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
A more detailed review of horizontal gene transfer from plants to other organisms is provided in the risk assessment and risk management plan that was prepared in relation to DIR application 026/2002, to release GM papayas into the Australian environm
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ent.
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb360\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx567\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc35253592}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab References{\*\bkmkend _Toc35253592}
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 
{\pntxta \dbch .}}\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp2052 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.REFLIST }}{\fldrslt {\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Adebiyi, A., Adaikan, P.G., Prasad, R.N.V. (2002). Papaya (}{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fabl\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 199-203.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Akah, P.A., Oli, A.N., Enwerem, N.M., Gamaniel, K. (1997). Preliminary studies on purgative effect of }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Carica papaya}{\fs20 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  root extract. Fitoterapia 68: 327-331.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Allan Herbarium (2000). New Zealand Plant Names Database. Landcare Research, New Zealand. (http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/plantnames (Accessed 20 February 2003).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Allan, P. (1963). Pollen studies in }{\i\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Car\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ica papaya}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. II: Germination and storage of pollen. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 6: 613-624.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Australia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Virtual Herbarium (2003). (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html).
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Australian Plant Name Index (2003). (http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 atabases/apni.html).
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\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Badillo, V.M. (1971). Monografia de la familie Caricaceae. Associacion de Profesores, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
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\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Williamson, M., Fitter, A.H. (1996). The characters of successful invaders. Biological co\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nservation 78: 163-170.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s15 \fs20\cf1\lang3081\langfe2052\loch\af0\langnp3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 69.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls15\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta \dbch .}}
\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wilson, R.K., Kwan, T.K., Kwan, C.Y., Sorger, G.J. (2002). Effects of papaya seed extract and benzyl isothiocyanate on vascular contraction. Life Sciences 71: 497-507.
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