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\s9\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive 
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\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext23 Abbrev table;}{\s24\ql \fi-567\li1134\ri0\sb60\sa60\widctlpar
\tx567\tx1134\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 Alpha Point;}{\s25\ql \fi-567\li1134\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn 
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\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext29 Block Text Italics;}{
\s30\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon29 \snext30 Block Text Italics bold;}{
\s31\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs16\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext31 Body Text 2;}{
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\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext36 Indented TNR 10;}{\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext37 Lic table text;}{\s38\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx567\tx1134{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pndec\pnf17 }
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs44 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The Biology and Ecology of Sugarcane (}{\b\i\fs44 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\b\fs44 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hybrids) in Australia
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\par 
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\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 December 2004
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\par \page }{\b\scaps\fs28 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Table of Contents
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  TOC \\o "1-3" }}{\fldrslt {\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Preamble\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842660 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600360030000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1. }{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Biology of Sugarcane\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842661 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600360031000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.1 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Origins and Distribution\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
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\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.2}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Uses of Sugarcane\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
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}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.3 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Taxonomy and Genetics\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
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\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.3}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Maturation and ripening\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842673 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370033000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.4}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ratoon crops\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842674 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.5}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eradication of sugarcane\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842675 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370035000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.5 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Vegetative Morp\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hology and Anatomy\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842676 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370036000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.6}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Reproduction\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842677 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370037000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s45\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \i\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.6.1}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane flowers\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc87842678 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370038000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.6.2}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Flower initiation and seed propagation\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842679 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600370039000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 11}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.7 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Diseases and Pests\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842680 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380030000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 12}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s45\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \i\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.7.1 }{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Diseases\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc87842681 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380031000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 13}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.7.2 }{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pests\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842682 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380032000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 16}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2. }{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 toxicity and allergenicity\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842683 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380033000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 19}}}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s45\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \i\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.1 Toxicity\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc87842684 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 19}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ection}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2.2 Allergenicity\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842685 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380035000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 19}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 weediness\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc87842686 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380036000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 20}}}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.1}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Weediness of }{\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. hybrids\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842687 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380037000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 20}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.2}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Weediness of }{\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Species\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842688 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380038000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 20}}}{
\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s45\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \i\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .1}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum\~spontaneum\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842689 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600380039000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 20}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2.2}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum officinarum\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842690 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390030000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 21}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2.3}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Other Saccharum weed species\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842691 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390031000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 21}}}{\i0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.3}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Weediness of Species in the }{\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Saccharum}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Complex in Australia\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842692 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390032000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 22}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4. }{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Potential for gene transfer From Sugarcane to other organisms\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842693 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390033000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 22}}}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tx1680\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \scaps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.1 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene Transfer to Cultivated Sugarcane and naturalised sugarcane\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842694 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390034000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 22}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.2 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene tr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ansfer to other related }{
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  sepceis\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842695 \\h }{
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390035000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 23}}}{
\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.3}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene transfer to other genera in Saccharum complex\tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842696 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390036000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 23}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.4 }{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 gene transfer to other genera in Poaceae\tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842697 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390037000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 24}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.5}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene Transfer to other Organisms\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  PAGEREF _Toc87842698 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390038000000000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 25}}}{\scaps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\tx480\tqr\tldot\tx9017\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\caps\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 \tab }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 References\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 PAGEREF _Toc87842699 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000005f0054006f006300380037003800340032003600390039000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 26}}}{\b0\caps0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langfenp3081 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 }}\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\scaps 
\par }{\page 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842660}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Preamble{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511475}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594734}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842660}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
This document is designed to be a regularly revised resource document fo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r dealings involving the intentional release (DIR) into the Australian environment of genetically modified (GM) sugarcane either for the purpose of field trials or commercial release. This document addresses the biology and ecology of conventional (non-ge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
etically modified) sugarcane. Included is the origin of sugarcane, general descriptions of its growth and agronomy, its reproductive biology, toxicity and allergenicity and its general ecology. This document also addresses the potential for sugarcane to t
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ansfer genes via pollen and seed movement and for weediness. This document will support the detailed risk assessment and risk management plan (RARMP) prepared for each DIR application involving GM sugarcane. However the Regulator will assesses the risks a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 sociated with each particular genetic modification on a case by case basis which will be then detailed in the RARMP prepared for each application.
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511476}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594735}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842661}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1. \tab Biology of Sugarcane{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511476}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594735}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842661}
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842662}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511478}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594737}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511477}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594736}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.1 \tab Origins and Distribution{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842662}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane is a tall growing monocotyledonous crop plant that is cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world primarily for its ability to s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tore high concentrations of sucrose, or sugar, in the internodes of the stem. Modern sugarcane varieties that are cultivated for sugar production are complex interspecific hybrids (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 spp.) that have arisen through intensive selective breeding of sp\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ecies within the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  genus primarily involving crosses between the species }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L. and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ith,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_W
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (see more details in Section 1.3.3).
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 or the \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 noble canes\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  accumulate very high levels of sucrose in the stem but have poor disease resistance.}{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  itself is thought to be the product of complex introgression between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eriathus}{\~}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 arundinaceus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{\~}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 sinensis}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ate_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. A possible intermediate form in the development of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 is }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, a diverse riparian species that grows in the wet tropics with many distinct populations. The o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rigins of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 are intimately associated with the activities of humans as }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is a purely cultivated or garden species with no members found in the wild }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><Rec\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Num>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tart_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Develo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ment in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Sreenivasan et al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The centre of origin of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is thought to be in Polynesia. The species was prob\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ably transported throughout south east Asia by humans, leading to a modern centre of diversity in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (Indonesia) where the majority of specimens were collected in the late 1800s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Ti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 le_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hypotheses for the origin of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  involve selection of sweet forms of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 for use \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 as food, possibly with the aid of animals such as pigs or rats that were attracted to sweeter individual plants }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ype="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</Z
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is believed to have evolved in southern Asia. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is a much more adaptable species and grows in a wide range of habitats and at various altitudes in the tropics through to\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0  temperate regions from latitude 8\uc1\u730\'b0\loch\f0 \hich\f0 S to 40\u730\'b0\loch\f0 
N extending across three geographical zones: a) the East zone which is South Pacific islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Burma; b) the Central zone, which includes India, N\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 pal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afganistan, Iran and Middle east and c) the West zone which includes Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and other countries in the Mediterranean }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Tai</Author><Year>2001</Year>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<RecNum>6789</RecNum><IDText>A core collection for Saccharum spontaneum L. from the world collection of sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6789</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A core collection for <i>Saccharum spontaneum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/i> L. from the world collection of sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tai,P.Y.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Miller,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>Not in F
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le</Reprint><Start_Page>879</Start_Page><End_Page>885</End_Page><Periodical>Crop Science Society of America</Periodical><Volume>41</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Crop Science Society of America</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Seri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pursglove</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>6787</RecNum><IDText>Tropical crops: Monoco
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
yledons</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pursglove,J.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1972</Date_Primary><Keywords>crops
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>monocotyledons</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Longman Scientific and Technical</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Tai & Miller 20\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 01; Daniels & Roach 1987; Pursglove 1972)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842663}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.2\tab Uses of Sugarcane{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842663}
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842664}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.2.1\tab Sugar production{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842664}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane is an established agricultural field crop with a long history of safe use.  It is believed to have \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 become established as a domestic garden crop possibly as early as 2500 BC }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chap\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>suga
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Dan\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Sugarcane has been cultivated in Australia for over 100 years }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Canegrowers</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6537</RecNum><IDText>Industry Overview</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ef_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6537</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Industry Overview</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Canegrowers</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>web</Periodical><Date_Secondary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
2004/8/18</Date_Secondary><Web_URL><u>http://www.canegrowers.com.au/overview.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">web</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Canegrowers 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane is primarily gro\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
wn as a source of sugar. Sugar is initially extracted from the raw cane at sugarcane mills distributed throughout the growing region. The cane is shredded and the juice extracted by crushing. The juice is then clarified by a combination of heating in the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 resence of lime (Ca(OH)}{\sub \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
) which complexes with phosphorus in the juice to produce a precipitate of calcium phosphate which is allowed to settle out taking other impurities with it. Flocculants (substances added to solutions to produce woolly looking masses
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  of particles which assists settling out suspensions) are added to speed up this process }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tart_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Austral
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Mackintosh 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Clarified sugar juice is then concentrated by evaporation to produce \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 sy\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rup\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
. The syrup then goes through multiple rounds of crystallisation to extract the sucrose. It is boiled and the sucrose crystallises from the remaining molasses fraction. The product of this step is known as massecuite. The massecuite is then centrifuge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  to separate the sucrose from the molasses. This process is repeated three times in Australian sugar mills. Thus clarified sugar juice is boiled and centrifuged the first time to produce \hich\f0 
\lquote \loch\f0 A\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar and \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 A\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses. \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 A\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses is then boiled again to pro\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 uce \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar and \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses. The \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 molasses is boiled a third time to produce \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 C\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar which is mixed with water and is used to seed the next round of crystallisation }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
m>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Second
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Mackintosh\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 C\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses is referred to as \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 final\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0  or \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 blackstrap\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Preston</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>6344</RecNum><IDText>Molasses as animal feed: an overview</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Cit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6344</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Molasses as animal feed: an overview</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Preston,T.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>as</Keywords><Keywords>Animal<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>Animal Feed</Keywords><Keywords>feed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</Periodical><Publisher>FAO Expert Consultation</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
850e/S9950E19.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Preston 1988)}
}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 A\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  and \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar are dried to pro\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
duce raw sugar, which is shipped in bulk to sugar refineries worldwide for further purification resulting in a high quality, purified product. 
\par }{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane quality}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is measured at the mill and partly determines the actual return the grower receives. The formu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
la to determine payment to the grower is complex and outside the scope of this document however there are three measures of cane quality that are important, which will be briefly mentioned here. Brix is the percentage of dissolved solids on a weight per w
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ight basis and is measured by refractometer or density meter. Pol is a measure of the passage of polarised light through the clarified juice. These two measures of juice quality (corrected for fibre content of the stem) allow determination of the level of
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 impurities in the cane (ie. Brix minus Pol equals total impurities in the cane). Furthermore this allows estimation of the sugar content or commercial cane sugar (CCS) of a grower\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s cane }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>200\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
0</Year><RecNum>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Ref
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 an>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Mackintosh 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
To calculate CCS it is assumed that three quarters of the impurities remain after the juice is clarified. These impurities end up in the final molasses, which in turn consists of ~40% non-recoverable sugar and 60% impurities. Ther
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 efore: 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CCS \tab = Pol of juice (corrected for fibre content of stem) \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'be\loch\f0  (impurities in cane x 40/60)
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 = Pol in cane - \'bd\loch\f0  (impurities in cane) 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CCS is a measure of how much pure sucrose can be extracted from the cane. The final return that the grower receives \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 is determined by additional factors }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><Prefix>see </Prefix><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
age>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (see Mackintosh 2000)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Garside et al. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Garside</Author><Year>1997</\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Year><RecNum>6534</RecNum><IDText>Yield plateau in the Australian sugar industry: 1970-1990</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6534</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Yield plateau in the Australian sugar industry: 1970-1990
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garside,A.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chapman,L.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hurney,A.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>production</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>103</Start_Page><End_Page>124</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Intensive Sugarcane Production: Meeting the Challenges Beyond 2000</Title_S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
condary><Authors_Secondary>Keating,B.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Wilson,J.R.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Wallingford, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refma
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 reported that the Australian sugar industry had reached a productivity plateau in the period 1970-1990. In that period, 50 new cultivars were released and plant breeders estimated productivity gains of 1% per year (ie 0.01tonne/ha/year). However
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , in the same period CCS decreased by ~1 unit.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842665}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.2.2\tab By-products{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842665}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Several by-products are produced from crushing sugarcane at the sugar mill. These primarily include bagasse (fibre) and molasses. 
\par }{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bagasse}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is the fibrous portion of sugarcane that remains after the juice has been removed. It has several applications, including generation of power for the mill, papermaking and livestock feed. It consists of two types of fibre, which constitute 55% of bagasse
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dry weight. These are the cellulose fibre of rind, vascular tissue and the pith of the cane stem. Bagasse cellulose fibres are longer (1-1.5mm) than hardwood fibres (0.7-1mm), but shorter than softwood fibres (2.5-5mm) and are suitable for papermaking. Th
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 pith material of the stem is considered a contaminant for papermaking and production of high quality paper consequently requires it to be removed. Bagasse is used to make paper in many countries although not in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Author>Allen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>6528</RecNum><IDText>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6528</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>New Technologies fo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allen,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackay,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Aylward,J.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>production</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>267</Start_Page><End_Page>285</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Intensive Sugarcane Production: Meeting the Chall
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nges Beyond 2000</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Keating,B.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Wilson,J.R.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Wallingford, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Ci
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allen et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bagasse is also used as an animal feed but is limited by the low digestibility, even for ruminants (~25%). Chemical, biological or thermo-mechanical treatment improves the digestibility to approximately 65% }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>6528</RecNum><IDText>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6528</Ref_ID><Title_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allen,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackay,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Aylward,J.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,J.A.</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>production</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>267</Start_Page><End_Page>285</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Intensive Sugarcane Producti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n: Meeting the Challenges Beyond 2000</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Keating,B.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Wilson,J.R.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Wallingford, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 W\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
orkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Playne</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>6533</RecNum><IDText>Increased digestibility of bagasses by pretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6533
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Increased digestibility of bagasses by pretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Playne,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>digestibility</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>426</Start_Page><End_Page>433</End_Page><Periodical>Biotechnology and Bioengineering</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biotechnology and Bioengineering</f></ZZ_JournalF
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ll><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biotechnol.Bioeng.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>UN Industrial Development Organisation</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>6355</RecNum><IDText>Hydrolysed bagasse
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
to make animal feed</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6355</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Hydrolysed bagasse to make animal feed</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>UN Industrial Development Organisation</Auth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rs_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Animal Feed</Keywords><Keywords>feed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.unido.org/file-storage/download/?file_id=8396</Periodical><Publisher>UNIDO Ind
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
strial Investment and Technology Promotion Branch</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.unido.org/file-storage/download/?file_id=8396</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.unido.org/file-storage/download/?file_id=8396</f></ZZ_JournalSt
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Abbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>de Medeiros</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>6354</RecNum><IDText>Effect of the replacement of steam treated sugarcane bagasse by milo upon performance of finishing cattle</IDText><MDL Ref
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6354</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effect of the replacement of steam treated sugarcane bagasse by milo upon performance of finishing cattle</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Medeiros,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>Machado,P.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>REPLACEMENT</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>Cattle</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Pag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd5/2/brazil2.htm</Start_Page><Periodical>Livestock Research for Rural Development</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Publisher>Centro para la Investigaci&#xF3;n en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producci&#xF3;n Agrope
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uaria, Cali, Colombia</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd5/2/brazil2.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Livestock Research for Rural Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hor>de la Cruz</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6353</RecNum><IDText>Steam treated bagasse for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation with Gliricidia sepium and urea/molasses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6353</R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_ID><Title_Primary>Steam treated bagasse for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation with <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> and urea/molasses</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de la Cruz,H.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>Cattle</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page><u>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Start_Page><Periodical>Livestock Research for Rural Development</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://ww
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Livestock Research for Rural Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pate</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>2216</RecNum>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
IDText>Value of treating bagasse with steam under pressure for cattle feed</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2216</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Value of treating bagasse with steam under pressure for cattle feed</Title_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary>Pate,F.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>FLOW</Keywords><Keywords>digestibility</Keywords><Keywords>ACID</Keywords><Keywords>PROTEIN</Keywords><Keywords>EFFICIENCY</Keywords><Reprin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>293</Start_Page><End_Page>297</End_Page><Periodical>Tropical Agriculture</Periodical><Volume>59</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0041-3216</ISSN_ISBN><Address>University of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Cente
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , Belle Glade, Florida, USA.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Tropical Agriculture</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allen et al. 1997; Playne 1984; UN Industrial Development Organisation 2002; de Medeiros \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 & Machado 1993; de la Cruz 1990; Pate 1982)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Further chemical treatment of bagasse can be used to produce other by-products, which may be useful sources of income if further developed in Australia. These include production of various fermented and chemi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cal derivatives of cellulose and fermentation of bagasse to produce fuel ethanol }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>6528</RecNum><IDText>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</IDText><MD\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
L Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6528</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allen,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackay,M.J.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Authors_Primary>Aylward,J.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>production</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page>267</Start_Page><End_Page>285</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Intensive Sugarcane Production: Meeting the Challenges Beyond 2000</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Keating,B.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Wilson,J.R.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lace>Wallingford, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allen et al. 1997)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Molasses}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is the thick syrupy residue left over after the sucrose has been removed from the clarified suga\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r juice (syrup). The \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 C\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0  molasses (final or blackstrap molasses) is used for alcohol fermentation, as a stock feed supplement, for fermentation processes and as a fertiliser for cane fields }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
2000</Year><RecNum>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
te><Author>Sansoucy</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>6345</RecNum><IDText>Molasses-urea blocks as a multinutrient supplement for ruminants</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6345</Ref_ID><Title_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Molasses-urea blocks as a multinutrient supplement for ruminants</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sansoucy,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Aarts,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Leng,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>as</Keywords><Keywords>ruminants</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S8850E24.htm</Periodical><Publisher>FAO Expert Consultation</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S8850E24.htm</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S8850E24.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Mackintosh 2000; Sansoucy et al. 1988)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The composition of various stage\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s in the production of molasses are shown in Table\~1.}{\fs22 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \column \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Table 1: Sugarcane by-products from the processing of sugarcane }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Preston</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>6344</RecNum><IDText>Molasses as animal feed: an overvi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ew</IDText><Prefix>adapted from </Prefix><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6344</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Molasses as animal feed: an overview</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Preston,T.R.</Authors_Primary><Da
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>as</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Animal Feed</Keywords><Keywords>feed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</Periodical><Publisher>FAO Expe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t Consultation</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ite><Cite><Author>Allen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>6528</RecNum><IDText>New Technologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6528</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>New Tech
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ologies for Sugar Milling and By-product Modification</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allen,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackay,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Aylward,J.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,J.A.</Authors_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>production</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>267</Start_Page><End_Page>285</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Intensive Sugarcane Production: Meetin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 the Challenges Beyond 2000</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Keating,B.A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Wilson,J.R.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Wallingford, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>CAB International</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (adapted from Preston 1988; Allen et al. 1997)}}}{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Note that the balance of the fraction in each case is mostly water.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs22 
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvmgf\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4819 \cellx8080\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fraction\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Approximate composition (% fresh weight basis) \cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 \trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvmgf\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4819 \cellx8080\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvmrg\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs22 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sucrose\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Reducing sugars}{\fs22\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 *}{\fs22 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ash}{\fs22\super \loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \'86}{\fs22 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 
\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvmrg\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\row 
}\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 
\cellx8080\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cane Syrup}{\fs22\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\cell }{\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 45-55\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5-10\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1-2\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 \trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 High-test molasses}{\fs22\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\cell }{\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 25-30\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
40-50\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2-3\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 \trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 
\cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs22 
\loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  molasses}{\fs22\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3\cell }{\fs22 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5-8\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 80-90\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 \trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Final molasses}{\fs22\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4\cell }{\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 33-37\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 15-19\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 10-15\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs20 \trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3261 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx4820\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx6521\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx8080\row }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 * }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 glucose and fructose produced by the action of the enzyme invertase.
\par }{\fs22\super \loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \'86\loch\f0  }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mainly inorganic salts.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs20\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1 }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
clarified and concentrated cane juice (syrup) concentrated to the point where the sucrose is almost ready to crystallise.}{\fs20\super 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2 }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 clarified and concentrated cane juice (syrup) from which no sugar has been crystallised that has been filtered and partially inverte\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d (converted to reducing sugars) to avoid crystallisation.}{\fs20\super 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3 }{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 concentrated soluble residue following the second centrifugation to remove the \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar.
\par }{\fs20\super \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4}{\fs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  concentrated soluble residue after the last centrifugation to remove the \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 C\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sugar, also known as \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 C
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r blackstrap molasses.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Power}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is generated from burning bagasse to produce steam to run the mill. Excess energy is directed to the electricity grid.  The ash produced is mixed with other impurities (mud) left over after the sugarcane juice is clarified an\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d fine bagasse known as bagacillo}{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 to produce}{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  filter cake}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  which is used as a fertiliser on cane farms }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst 
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackintosh</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>6585</RecNum><IDText>Sugar Milling</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6585</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar Milling</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackintosh,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In Fil
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>17</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Mackintosh 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .}{\b 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Trash}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 refers to the sugarcane plant material left over after harvesting of the sugarcane stalks. It is generally retained in the field as mulch in northern Queensland. Baled trash is gaining in use as garden mulch and as a low-grade cattle feed from the south 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ast Queensland growing region }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Dawson</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2250</RecNum><IDText>Cane trash - use and management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
2250</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane trash - use and management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dawson,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.canegrowers.com.au/share/Fact_Sheets/Cane%20trash.pdf<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.canegrowers.com.au/share/Fact_Sheets/Cane%20trash.pdf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.canegrowers.com.au/share/Fact_Sheets/Cane%20trash.pdf</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Dawson 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842666}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.3 \tab Taxonomy and Genetics{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511478}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594737}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842666}
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842667}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.3.1\tab Tribe Andropogoneae{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842667}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane belongs to the genus }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 L., of the tribe Andropogoneae in the grass\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  family (Poaceae). This tribe includes tropical and subtropical grasses including the cereal genera }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sorghum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Zea}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 (corn). The taxonomy and phylogeny of sugarcane is complicated as plants from five genera share common characteristics and form a closely re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lated interbreeding group known as the \hich\f0 \lquote }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  complex\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 . The }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  complex comprises of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  section }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ripidium,}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  section }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Diandra}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Narenga}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Sclerostachya}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_IS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 N>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . These genera are characterised by high levels of polyploidy and frequently unbalanced numbers of chromosomes (aueuploid\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y) making it difficult to determine taxonomy and resulting in many previous revisions of the taxonomic relationships }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>H
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
inz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sug
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987; Sreenivasan \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 et al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842668}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.3.2 \tab Genus }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842668}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  genus comprises six species }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~edule}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~barberi}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , and }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~sinense }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>6577</RecNum><IDText>Determination of basic chromosome numbers in the genus Saccharum by physical mapping of ribosomal RNA genes</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Typ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6577</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Determination of basic chromosome numbers in the genus <i>Saccharum</i> by physical mapping of ribosomal RNA genes</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ison
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alix,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roux,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>RIBOS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 O\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MAL-RNA</Keywords><Keywords>RNA</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>221</Start_Page><End_Page>225</End_Page><Periodical>Genome</Periodical><Volume>41</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">G
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nome</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (D'Hont et al. 1998)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is thought to have resulted from the complex introgression between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus\~arundinaceus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus\~sinensis}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Pag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has a chromosome number of 2n = 80 with a b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
asic chromosome number (x) of 10 making this species a polyploid (having more than two chromosome sets eg octaploid, 2n=80 - eight complete sets of chromosomes). However, }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is not a simple polyploid. It is a complex hybrid of different species\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 as it an autopolyploid (more than two sets of homologous chromosomes derived from a single species) and also an allopolyploid (possessing two or more unlike sets of chromosomes) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
11</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 velopment in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Sreenivasan et al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . This is indicated by whole chromosomes in }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  that are homologous with tho\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 se in the genera }{
\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  section }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ripidium}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Am
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
terdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Besse</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Year>1997</Year><RecNum>6584</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of Erianthus sect. Ripidium and Saccharum germplasm (Andropogoneae-Saccharinae) using RFLP markers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6584</Ref_ID><Title_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>Characterisation of <i>Erianthus</i> sect. <i>Ripidium</i> and <i>Saccharum </i>germplasm (Andropogoneae-Saccharinae) using RFLP markers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Besse,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McIntyre,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>germplasm</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>283</Start_Page><End_Page>292</End_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>93</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987; Besse et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is a smaller, highly polym\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
orphic, disease resistant, high fibre and highly vigorous species, having 2n = 40 to 128 chromosomes. It is also a complex polyploid with a probable basic chromosome number of eight or 10 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
loowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of the double gen
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
me structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane culti
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grivet,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Feldmann,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>405</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Mo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecular and General Genetics</Periodical><Volume>250</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0026-8925</ISSN_ISBN><Address>CIRAD, Centre de Recherches de Montpellier, BP 5035, Avenue du Val de Montferand, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France.</Address><ZZ_JournalFul
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><f name="System">Molecular and General Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mol.Gen.Genet.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Sreenivasan et al. 1987; D'Hont et al. 1996)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . It ca\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n be distinguished from the cultivated }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
by thinner canes and a narrow panicle }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pursglove</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>6787</RecNum><IDText>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whol\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pursglove,J.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1972</Date_Primary><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds>monocotyledons</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Longman Scientific and Technical</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Pursglove 1972)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Characteristics of the spikelets at \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 the end of the tertiary branches of the inflorescence are also used by taxonomists to help distinguish the species from other }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\~\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 spp.
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. barberi}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. sinense}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  are thought to be wild species but have been in cultivation since prehistoric times in no
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rthern India and China respectively. This had lead to considerable interbreeding with other genera and species and consequently these species are thought to be ancient intergeneric hybrids }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Suga
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_I
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 BN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~barberi}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is thought to be the product of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  x }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (sect. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ripidium}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) introgression, while }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. sinense}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is though to be derived from }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  x }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  introgression, each containing chromosomes homologous to }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as well as to those from members the genera }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  again indicating the complex origins an\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d inter-relationships within the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  genus }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by mo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lecular cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</Title_Primary><A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grivet,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Feldmann,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>405</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Molecular and General Genetics</Periodical><Volume>250</Volume><Iss
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0026-8925</ISSN_ISBN><Address>CIRAD, Centre de Recherches de Montpellier, BP 5035, Avenue du Val de Montferand, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular and General Genetics</f></ZZ_Journal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 F\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mol.Gen.Genet.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
apter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTIO
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 N\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (D'Hont et al. 1996; Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is a wild species thought to be an intermediate step in the evolutionary pathway between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Two major groups with the species are known, those \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 that have 2n=60 and 2n=80 chromosomes respectively. 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. edule }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 is similar morphologically to }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 except that the flower spike or inflorescence is compacted and it is cultivated as a vegetable in the islands of the Pacific and Papua New Guinea. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. ed\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ule}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is thought to be derived from introgression of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. robustum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  with other genera }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Cha\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
pter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . A summary of the genetic characteristics of the }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  species is shown in Table 1. 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Table 2: Sugar cane members of genus }{
\b\i\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><St
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rt_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publish
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Buzacott</Author><Year>1965</Year><RecNum>2129</RecNum><IDText>Cane vari
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ties and breeding</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2129</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane varieties and breeding</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Buzacott,J.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1965</Date_Primary><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing.</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kim,N.J.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Mungomery,R.W.</Authors_Secondar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><Authors_Secondary>Hughes,C.G.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Sydney, Australia</Pub_Place><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Daniels & Roach 1987; Buzacott 1965)}}}{\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }{
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Species\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Classification\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugar content\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Chromosome number\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\trowd 
\trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. spontaneum\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wild species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Nil\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 40-128\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\pard\plain 
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. robustum\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wild species
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Nil\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 60-~200\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\pard\plain 
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Noble canes\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 High\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 80\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\trowd 
\trgaph108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. barberi\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ancient hybrid\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Low \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 111-120\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. sinense\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ancient hybrid\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Low\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 80-124\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\trowd 
\trgaph108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. edule\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wild species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Compacted inflorescence eaten as a vegetable
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2n= 60-80 with aneuploid forms\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701 \cellx1701\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560 \cellx3261\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2409 \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2552 \cellx8222\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i {\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511479}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594738}
{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511477}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594736}
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842669}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.3.3\tab Commercial hybrid cultivars{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842669}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Commercial hybrid cultivars of sugarcane descended from interspecific hybridisation between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>95</Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Authors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus and Robertson Publishers</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. offi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or the \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 noble canes\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0  accumulates very high levels of sucrose in the stem but have poor disease resistance. Conversely }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 accumulates no sucrose but is a highly polymorphic species with much higher levels of disease resistance, adaptabili\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ty and stress tolerance }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytoge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
netics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Sec
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ndary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Sreenivasan e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The basic breeding concept involves the combination and improvement of vigorous, disease resistance from }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.
\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and high sucrose content from }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Increasing sucrose content while maintaining disease resistance of commerci
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 al hybrid cultivars has been achieved through a number of back-crossing to several different cultivars of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Bo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ok Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>95</Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary><Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus and Robertson Publishers</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Consequentl\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y, }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 genetic component is reduced in commercial hybrid cultivars. Of the chromosomes in these commercial hybrid cultivars, approximately 80% are derived from }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L. and 10% are from }{
\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L., with remainder being chromosome f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rom the two species produced by the natural process of synapsis during meiosis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ltivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grivet,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Feldmann,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nterspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>405</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Molecular and General Genetics</Perio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ical><Volume>250</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0026-8925</ISSN_ISBN><Address>CIRAD, Centre de Recherches de Montpellier, BP 5035, Avenue du Val de Montferand, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular and Ge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 eral Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mol.Gen.Genet.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (D'Hont et al. 1996)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Interspecific hybridisation between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as the female \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 parent and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as the male parent produce progeny that have a triploid chromosome number (2n + n = 100 to 130) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
garcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by mol
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cular cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grivet,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Feldmann,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>405</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Molecular and General Genetics</Periodical><Volume>250</Volume><Issue
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0026-8925</ISSN_ISBN><Address>CIRAD, Centre de Recherches de Montpellier, BP 5035, Avenue du Val de Montferand, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular and General Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mol.Gen.Genet.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Sreenivasan et al. 1987; D'Hont et al. 1996)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . This phenomenon, thought to arise either through endoduplication or fusi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 on of two nuclei during meiosis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>D&apos;Hont</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><IDText>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenet
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>D&
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
pos;Hont,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grivet,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Feldmann,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glaszmann,J.C.</Authors_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ate_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>Interspecific hybridization</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
recombination</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>405</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Molecular and General Genetics</Periodical><Volume>250</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ISBN>0026-8925</ISSN_ISBN><Address>CIRAD, Centre de Recherches de Montpellier, BP 5035, Avenue du Val de Montferand, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular and General Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 dAbbrev><f name="System">Mol.Gen.Genet.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (D'Hont et al. 1996)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , facilitated breeding of modern sugarcane varieties as the \hich\f0 \lquote }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 officinarum}{\loch\af0\dbch\af17\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  qualities recovered more quickly in the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hybrids, thus requiring fewer rounds of backcrossing to produce high sucrose varieties.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 This culminated with the release of a variety called POJ2878 (\hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 Java Wondercane\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 ) in 1921 in Java (Indonesia), which became an important variety, allowing for a 35% incr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ease in production over previous best varieties }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Jeswiet</Author><Year>192
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>2209</RecNum><IDText>The development of selection and breeding of the sugarcane in Java</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2209</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The development of selection
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
and breeding of the sugarcane in Java</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jeswiet,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1929</Date_Primary><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Rep
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
int>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>44</Start_Page><End_Page>57</End_Page><Pub_Place>Soerabaia</Pub_Place><Publisher>The Executive Committee</Publisher><Title_Series>Proceedings of the third congress of the  International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Title_Series><Date_Secondary>1929/6/7=19/06/1929</Date_Secondary><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cox et al. 2000; Jeswiet 1929)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Most commercial cultivars used in Australia today can be traced to this variety }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
art_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Cox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Sugarcane breeding for improved varieties is a time consuming process taking \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 upwards of ten years from initial crosses to final agronomic assessment of elite varieties }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
econdary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 te></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842670}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.4 \tab {\*\bkmkend _Toc80511479}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cultivation and Growth{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842670}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
It is believed that sugarcane was first brought to Australia in 1788 on the First Fleet but cultivation was not immediately successful. The first o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
fficial record of sugarcane in Australia was in 1821 at Port Maquarie NSW, but an industry did not develop until a cane plantation was established near Brisbane in 1862. The first Australian commercial sugar mill began operation in 1864. Sugarcane cultiva
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ion spread along the Queensland-New South Wales coastline and in 1870 a system of large central sugar mills, supplied with cane by independent farmers, was introduced by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (now CSR Ltd) (Canegrowers, http://www.canegrower
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .com.au/overview.htm).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Currently, in Australia sugarcane is commercially cultivated over a 2100 km stretch from northern New South Wales (approximately 30\'b0\loch\f0 \hich\f0 S) to northern Queensland (approximately 17\'b0\loch\f0 
S) with the actual planting area distributed unevenly acr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 oss this range. A small industry also exists in the Ord district in Western Australia. About 98% of Australia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s sugar exports originate in the Queensland coastal region }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Canegrowers</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
537</RecNum><IDText>Industry Overview</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6537</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Industry Overview</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Canegrowers</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>web</Periodical><Date_Secondary>2004/8/18</Date_Secondary><Web_URL><u>http://www.canegrowers.com.au/overview.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">web</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</Z
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Canegrowers 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Queensland\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s 2000-01 crop harvest was 28.8 million tonnes of sugarcane, from 424,350 hectares of cultivated land.  Each hectare of cane harvested yielded on average 67.8 tonne of cane and 8.94 tonne \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 of sugar. The gross value of Queensland
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s 2000-2001 sugar production was $995.6 million }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Canegrowers</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6537</RecNum><IDText>Industry Overview</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6537</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Industry Overview</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Canegrowers</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>web</Periodical><Date_Second
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>2004/8/18</Date_Secondary><Web_URL><u>http://www.canegrowers.com.au/overview.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">web</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Canegrowers 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511482}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594740}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842671}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.1\tab Germination and establishment{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511482}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594740}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842671}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Commercial sugarcane is propagated vegetatively and germination refers to the initiation of growth from buds present on the planted setts or on the stems of the stools tha\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t remain in the soil after harvest of the previous crop. Either whole stalks or stalks cut up into shorter segments called setts are used as planting material }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Willcox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2110</RecNum><I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DText>The sugarcane cropping system</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2110</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The sugarcane cropping system</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Willcox,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garsid
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Braunack,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>127</Start_Page><End_Page>139</End_Page><Title_Secondary>M
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publishe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Willcox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Setts are generally planted within a few days of harvest of the cane, in order to achieve a high frequency of germination. Row spacing is a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
bout 150cm. Buds on planted setts, or on the plant bases remaining after harvest, germinate within two weeks of planting (or after harvest of the preceding crop). Setts are prone to fungal attack (due to their high sugar content) and are routinely treated
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 with fungicide to protect them until germination. Sugarcane varieties differ in their degree of temperature sensitivity but in general germination is slow at soil temperatures below 18\'ba
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 C and will be increasingly rapid up to about 35\'ba\loch\f0 C }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
efman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 xperimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Because sugarcane originated in the wet tropics, yields are much higher when the crop is suppled with adequate water. Thu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s sugarcane is usually irrigated }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ham</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>6591</RecNum><IDText>Irrigation of Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6591</Ref_ID><Title_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Irrigation of Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ham,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McGuire,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kingston,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ne</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>377</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Auth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rs_Secondary><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Ham et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 During the initial stages\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 of germination, root primordia around the nodes of the sett produce a flush of roots. These roots are not connected to the primary shoot but are important in maintaining the moisture in the sett. The primary shoot is made up of a number of closely spaced
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
internodes and nodes below ground. Each node develops new bud and root primordia that are the basis of stool establishment. These root primordia germinate to produce the shoot roots that support further plant growth. The shoot is then independent of the o
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iginal sett }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">Th
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lace><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 While the shoot roots are developing, some of the new buds below ground also germinate \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
to produce secondary shoots or tillers. These, in turn, develop their own root systems and give rise to tertiary shoots }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 man>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511484}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594742}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842672}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.2\tab Early growth{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511484}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594742}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842672}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Stem elongation is initially rapid and during this phase the fibre content of the stem is high whereas the CCS levels are still quite low. Breedi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ng for high above ground biomass in modern sugarcane varieties means the plant is very top heavy and consequently sugarcane is prone to lodging. Plants recover from lodging by curving of the stem to again grow upright. Only in wetter areas is lodging asso
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iated with yield losses }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f nam
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Aus
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ralia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511485}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594743}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842673}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.3\tab Maturation and ripening{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511485}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594743}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842673}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Growth rate slows and sucrose content increases approximately 120 days after planting }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secon
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Maturation and ripening \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
are reversible processes and are associated with the lower rainfall and cooler temperatures of the winter months. During stem growth, each internode operates as an independent unit. While it has a green leaf attached, the internode completes cell elongati
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n and cell wall thickening and fills with sucrose. Hence internodes generally complete their cycle by the time the attached leaf dies, and the lower internodes are essentially ripe while the upper part of the stem is still growing. The stored sugar is, ho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ever, available for translocation to support further tillering and/or growth when conditions are not favourable for photosynthesis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDTe\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
xt><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 As the stem matures, more internodes reach the same condition and sucrose content rises. During this period, the most recently expanded internodes near the top of the stem stop elongating and photosynthates are channelled in
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
to storage as sucrose. Factors that affect the maturation of the sugarcane stem include age, nitrogen status and moisture. Environmental factors can influence sucrose accumulation including water stress, nutrient status and temperature. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane is usual\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ly harvested by cutting stems close to the ground 12 \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 18 months after planting }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapt\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
econdary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . All sugarcane in Aust\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ralia is harvested mechanically. Sugarcane is routinely harvested before flowering as the process of flowering leads to reduction in stem sugar content.  
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842674}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.4\tab Ratoon crops{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842674}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane grows perennially and the root system or ratoon \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
that remains in the ground will re-sprout from each stalk. Consequently ratoon crops grow faster than the original plant crop. Although several ratoon crops are possible, cumulative stool damage from harvesting and weed control operations and the impact o
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  pests and diseases eventually lead to declining yield. Thus a maximum of four ratoon crops are typically grown before ploughing out the crop and replanting }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcane Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
condary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_Workform
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. After ploughing the previous ratoons out either another sugarcane crop is planted immediately or the ground is left fallow or planted to legumes with sugarcane again planted the following winter. Pla\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nting a legume crop has been shown to improve soil fertility for subsequent sugarcane crops. Removing ratoons with herbicide (glyphosate) rather than by tillage reduces soil compaction and improves soil structure }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Wi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
llcox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2110</RecNum><IDText>The sugarcane cropping system</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2110</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The sugarcane cropping system</Title_Primary><Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y>Willcox,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garside,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Braunack,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>cropping</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>127<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Start_Page><End_Page>139</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 blisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 949678 05 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Willcox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842675}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.4.5\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eradication of sugarcane
{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842675}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane killing practices o
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ften result in inadequate eradication of the old crop (Leibrandt 1993). The efficacy of glyphosate on killing sugarcane is affected by various factors such as cane varieties, soil type and stage of cane growth (Turner 1980). Sugarcane growing in light soi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s was more susceptible to herbicide treatment than that growing on heavy soils (Turner 1980). The growth stage of sugarcane has a pronounced effect on the efficacy of herbicide application. Sugarcane was killed more easily when the height of the leaf cano
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y was between 0.4-0.75m. Sugarcane appears to be more difficult to kill with herbicide once some stalks have been produced (Turner 1980).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Research showed that slashing of cane suppresses apical dominance and generally enhances chemical cane killing action \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
on the regrowth (Leibrandt 1993). In addition, considerable improvement of eradication was also obtained when a mechanical under-cutter was used to shear the roots following herbicide application. 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511480}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594739}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842676}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594738}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5 \tab Vegetative Morphology{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511480}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594739}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and Anatomy{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842676}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511486}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594744}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The morphology and anatomy of sugarcane has been extensively reviewed and so will not be explored in detail here. See Moore }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite Ex
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cludeAuth="1"><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6592</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and Morphology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6592</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy and Morphology</Title_Primary><Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>morphology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
11</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 for a comprehensive treatment of the morphology and anatomy of sugarcane. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane is a large tropical grass that produces multiple stems or culm\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s each of which consist of a series of nodes separated by internodes. Following germination the terminal vegetative bud of each shoot lays down a series of nodes, each with a dormant bud and one or more rows of root primordia, and a growth ring (intercala
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y meristem). The internodes consisting of sucrose storing parenchyma cells and vascular tissue.  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 As the stem develops the leaves emerge, one leaf per node, attached at the base of the node. The leaves eventually form two alternate ranks on either side of \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
the stem. At the top of the stem is an apical meristem set on top of a number of very short internodes. Mature stems consist of seven leaves still enclosed in the leaf spindle, a dozen or so green leaves and a number of senescent leaves, increasing in num
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er with increasing age of the plant.  New leaves emerge and expand over a period of between one and three weeks. Internode length can reach over 30 cm, depending on growth conditions, and stems normally reach two to three metres in the normal growing seas
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><IDText>The Sugarcane Plant</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2185</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="arial">The Sugarcan
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e Plant</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tart_Page><End_Page>83</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Pub
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 isher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull 2000)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The leaf blade is pubescent (hairy) on the abaxial (under) side of the leaf and glabrous (without \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hairs) on the adaxial (top) side }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6592</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and Morphology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6592</Ref_ID><Title_P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>Anatomy and Morphology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>morphology</Keywords><Reprint>In 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 F\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ile</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Titl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Moore 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Sugarcane uses a C4 mechanism of photosynthesis similar to other tropical grasses and co\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nsequently the anatomy of the leaves reflects this underlying physiology. The base of the leaf attaches to the stem at the node but then wraps the stem to form a sheath that loosely encloses the internode to which the node subtends. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The stem of sugarcane \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
is the major sink for photosynthate (sucrose) within the sugarcane plant, rather than fruit or seed structures. Transverse cross section through an internode reveals vascular bundles surrounded by parenchyma cells with a thick outer epidermis covered in a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  external layer of wax }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6592</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and Morphology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6592</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Ana
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tomy and Morphology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>morphology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Repr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nt><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>D
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 velopment in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Developing leaves and internodes develop in a basipetal direction in that the leaf blade expands f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rom the tip to the base then the internode elongates. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The node consists of a growth ring or intercalary meristem, the root band (containing root primordia) and a bud above the leaf scar where the leaf sheath attaches, which delimits the node from the inte
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rnode below. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Like most grasses the sugarcane root system is fibrous and shallow. However, the plant develops buttress roots that serve to anchor the plant and some deeply penetrating roots that grow downwards for 5-7 metres allowing for water absorption u
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nder water stress }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6592</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and Morphology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6592</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
and Morphology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>morphology</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tart_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Develo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ment in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842677}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.6\tab {\*\bkmkend _Toc80511486}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594744}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Reproduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842677}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842678}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.6.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-1425\li1425\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar
\tx851\jclisttab\tx1425\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin1425\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane f
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lowers{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842678}
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane forms an open panicle type of inflorescence, whose shape, degree of branching and size are highly variety specific. The inflorescence or arrow consists of a main axis and first, second and third order branches. Attached to the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
branches are spikelets arranged in pairs that contain individual flowers.  The sugarcane flower consists of three stamens (male) and a single carpel with a feathery stigma (female) typical of wind pollinated flowers. Frequently the male stamens may be abo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tive resulting in reduced or absent pollen production }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6592</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and Morphology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
6592</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy and Morphology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>morphology</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Else
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842679}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.6.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-1425\li1425\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar
\tx851\jclisttab\tx1425\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin1425\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Flower initiation and seed propagation
{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842679}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The occurrence of flowering under field conditions is variable, influenced by variety as well as by environmental conditions.  Flowering is most reliable and occurs earliest between latitudes 7\'ba\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and 12\'ba\loch\f0 
 and later northward and southward in the tropical\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  region }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fauconnier</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2244</RecNum><IDText>Sugar cane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2244</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar cane</Title_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary>Fauconnier,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>140</End_Page><Pub_Place>London, UK</Pub_Place><Publisher>Macmillan Press Ltd<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Publisher><Title_Series>The tropical agriculturalist</Title_Series><Authors_Series>Costa,R.</Authors_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-333-570-75-8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<IDText>Flowering and flower synchronization</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2108</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Flowering and flower synchronization</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Nuss,K.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Su
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
arcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Fauconnier 1993; Moore & Nuss 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 . Flowering in northern Australia (latitude 15\'ba\loch\f0 \hich\f0 -20\'ba\loch\f0 ) begins at the start of May. Flower initiation causes the apical meristem to switch\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 from vegetative to floral development, causing stalk elongation to cease, consequently flowering of the crop can affect yields. The older and more vigorous stems in a stool are the most likely to initiate flowering }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum><IDText>Flowering and flower synchronization</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2108</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Flowering and flower synchronization</Title_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuss,K.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
art_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Develop
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ent in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore & Nuss 1987)}}}
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The ability of sugarcane to reproduce sexually was not recognised until 1888. Floral developmen\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t is initiated by shortening day length to an intermediate value, and occurs in Australia from mid February to mid March }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement</IDTex\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
econdary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_Workfor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Cool night temperatures, high day temperatures and lack of moisture interferes with flower initiation. Flowers take two to three months to mature after initiation.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane is a cross-pollina\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ting species although selfing occurs at low levels }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McIntyre</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>2130</RecNum><IDText>Does selfing occur in sugarcane?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Cit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2130</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Does selfing occur in sugarcane?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McIntyre,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jackson,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.intl-pag.org/pag/4/abstracts/p165.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.intl-pag.org/pag/4/abstracts/p165.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.intl-pag.org/pag/4/abstracts/p165.ht
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
l</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum><IDText>Flowering and flower synchronization</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ef_ID>2108</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Flowering and flower synchronization</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuss,K.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowerin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McIntyre & Jackson 1995; Moore & N\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 uss 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Although sugarcane flowers often have reduced male fertility they are rarely male sterile. Sugarcane pollen is very small, hairy and wind dispersed. It is rapidly desiccated after dehiscence, having a half-life of only 12 minutes, and is no l
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 onger viable beyond 35 minutes, under unmodified environmental conditions (26.5\'ba\loch\f0  C and 67% relative humidity) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>2247</RecNum><IDText>Studies on sugarcane pollen. II. Pollen stora\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ge</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2247</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Studies on sugarcane pollen. II. Pollen storage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ane</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>temperature</Keywords><Keywords>Freezing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
age>71</Start_Page><End_Page>80</End_Page><Periodical>Phyton, Argentina</Periodical><Volume>34</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>PHYBA</ISSN_ISBN><Address>USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phyton, Argentina</f></ZZ_Jo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rnalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Venkatraman</Author><Year>1922</Year><RecNum>2224</RecNum><IDText>Germination and preservation of sugarcane pollen</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2224
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Germination and preservation of sugarcane pollen</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Venkatraman,R.S.T.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1922</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>127</Start_Page><End_Page>132</End_Page><Periodical>Agricultural Journal of India</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Agricultural Jour
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 al of India</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1976; Venkatraman 1922)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
.  As a result, viable pollen is not expected to disperse far in the field.  Sugarcane pollen stored at 4\'b0\loch\f0 C under 90 -100 % relative humi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 dity retains some viability for up to 14 days }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum><IDText>Flowering and flower synchronization</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ef_ID>2108</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Flowering and flower synchronization</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuss,K.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Flowerin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>7</Issu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore & Nuss 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 As intensit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 flowering is dependent on interaction of cultivars and environmental factors such as daylength and temperature, some varieties can flower profusely in their natural environment but flower sparingly when introduced to other regions }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN RE\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
FMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
File</Reprint><Start_Page>95</Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus a
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d Robertson Publishers</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Sugarcane breeding programs are severely limited by the nature of flowering of each sugarcane variety }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Autho\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>95<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus and Robertson Publishers</Publi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 her><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, particularly decrease in flowering and pollen viability at high latitudes }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Dunckelman</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>6951</RecNum
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><IDText>Guide to sugarcane breeding in the temperate zone</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6951</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Guide to sugarcane breeding in the temperate zone</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dunckelman,P.H.</A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Legendre,B.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>Temperate</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>26</E
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d_Page><Periodical>US Department of Agriculture</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">US Department of Agriculture</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Dunckelman & Legendre 1982)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . However,\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 controlled breeding is also possible when cultivars of low pollen viability are used as a female parent while low seed viability cultivars are used as a male parent }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
m><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>95</Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus and Robertson Publishers</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Crosses can often be made but only between varieties which have overlapping flowering period. Various techniques have been developed including alteration of photoperiod which can induce flowering so that flowers could be a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
vailable for crossing when required }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bull</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>6583</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Suga\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glasziou,K.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>field crops</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>95</Start_Page><End_Page>113</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Australian field crops</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lovett,J.V.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lazenby,A.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Secondary><Issue>4</Issue><Publisher>Angus and Robertson Publishers</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bull & Glasziou 1979)}
}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane seed or \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 fuzz\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is the entire flower panicle without the main flower axis and larger lateral axes.  Mature fuzz consists of the mature dry fruit (caryopsis), glumes, callus hairs, anthers and stigma. The superfluous parts of the inflorescence are generally handled, stor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d and sown with the seed because it is not practical to separate them. Although many commercial varieties of sugarcane can produce seed, fuzz is only used in breeding programs, as the proportion of sugarcane seedlings with agronomic qualities near to thos
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0  of the parental commercial clones is extremely low. Sugarcane fuzz is short lived, loosing 90% of its viability in 80 days at 28\'ba\loch\f0 C if not desiccated }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2252</RecNum><IDText>Fertili\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ty, seed storage and seed viability in sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2252</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fertility, seed storage and seed viability in sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary>Rao,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 10/25/2002</Reprint><Start_Page>1236</Start_Page><End_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ge>1240</End_Page><Volume>17</Volume><Title_Series>Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Rao 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511488}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594745}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842680}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 1.7 \tab D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iseases and Pests{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511488}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594745}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842680}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The cost of controlling the major pests and diseases of sugarcane to the sugarcane industry in Australia was estimated to be $111 million in 1996 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Austr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2482, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Qua
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 terly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McLeod et al. 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. The major pests and diseases that cause losses in sugarcane production include canegrubs, feral pigs, ratoon stunting disease (RSD), sugarcane rusts, c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hlorotic streak and soil-borne diseases }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 82, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McLeod et al. 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842681}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.7.1 \tab Diseases{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842681}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Various biolog
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ical agents including bacteria, fungi and viruses cause diseases of sugarcane. Diseases of sugarcane that have been identified in Australia are listed in Table 3.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Disease control in sugarcane is based on an integration of legislative control, resistant var\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ieties, and other management procedures. Long-term disease management in Australia focuses on the development of disease resistant cultivars }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of majo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ,\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><V
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2482, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McLeod et al. 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Short term spraying options are available, but their economic viability may not be sustained. Hygiene is important to disease management strategies, particularly for diseases transmitted through cuttings such a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s RSD and leaf scald. Cutting one infected stalk may lead to significant infection to the next 100 cuttings which are subsequently cut by the same blade }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Di\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogart
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_Workf
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rmID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Machine harvesters can also transmit the disease. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Many sugarcane diseases are also managed through the use of disease-free planting material supplied through Cane Protection and Productivity Boards. To ob\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
tain such planting material hot-water treatments are used to disinfect planting material. Long hot-water treatment (3 hours at 50\'ba\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
C) is used to control RSD. Soaking in ambient temperature running water for ~40 hours followed by 3 hours at 50\'ba\loch\f0 C is used to \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ontrol leaf scald bacteria. Short hot-water treatment (50\'ba\loch\f0 C for 30 minutes) is used to control chlorotic streak and some insect pests }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secon
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Minimising cultivation also can encourage healthy microbial communities and reduce disease-causing organisms (Allsopp et al 2000).
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Bacterial diseases
\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Clavibacter xyli s}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ubsp }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 xyli}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The RSD is cau\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 sed by }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C.\~xyli}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  subsp }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 xyli}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 which infects vascular tissues of sugarcane. The ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane is probably the most important disease of sugarcane. In Australia, the estimated lost from this disease was $6.3m/year }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refma\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
n><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>4
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2482, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f nam
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McLeod et al. 1999)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The symptoms are poor growth and resulting in stunting shoots, which might not be obvious if most plants in the field ar\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e infected. The visual symptoms of red orange dots in the vascular tissues can be seen only when the stalks are cut and sliced }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refma
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Yield loss often becomes more severe in subsequent ratoon crops.\tab 
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf scald (
}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Xanthomonas albilineans}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf scald is caused by a bacterium }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 X.\~albilineans}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  which infects the vascular tissues of sugarcane. It is found in most sugarcan\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e districts in Queensland }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dise
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ase Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Star
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The symptom of leaf scald is characterised by the long white to cream streak\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 on the leaves. The severe infected leaves appear scald and rolling inwards. The top of the severe infected shoots turn chlorosis. Yield loss occurs through the death of infected cane stalks. 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf scald can spread by wind-blown rain, plant material, conta\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
minating cutting equipments such as planters and harvesters }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Leaf scald can infect many other grass wee\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds which are alternate hosts and act as a reservoir for the disease. Extremes of moisture and temperature conditions favour disease transmission. 
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Fungal diseases
\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Orange rust (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Puccinia\~kuehnii}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Orange rust is caused by }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P.\~kuehnii}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The symptom is distinct f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rom the common rust caused by }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P.\~melanocephala}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Pustules of the orange rust are orange while those of common rust are reddish brown. Leaf lesions tend to be grouped in cluster while those of common rust are distributed evenly on leaves. Pustules cause rupt\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ure to the leaves and allow water to escape from the plant, leading to moisture stress. Rain favours the development of orange rust but inhibits the development of common rust }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
In 1999-2000, sugarcane crops in Australia were affected by the outbreak of orange rust, which had severely damaged the most widely grown commercial cultivar Q124 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Refman><Cite><Author>Apan</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>6952</RecNum><IDText>Formulation and assessment of narrow-band vegetation indices from EO-1 Hyperon imagery for discriminating sugarcane disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6952</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Formulation and assessment of narrow-band vegetation indices from EO-1 Hyperon imagery for discriminating sugarcane disease</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Apan,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Held,A.</Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Phinn,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markley,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>vegetation</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>N
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>13</End_Page><Periodical>Spatial Sciences</Periodical><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Spatial Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Apan et al. 2003)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Later, the new promising cultivar of high yield and resistance to orange rust Q205 was developed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Courtney</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>6948</RecNum><IDText>Improving the bottom line</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electr\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
onic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6948</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Improving the bottom line</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Courtney,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in Fil
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Reprint><Periodical>ABC TV Landline, Australia&apos;s National Rural Affairs Weekly</Periodical><Web_URL><u>www.abc.net.au/landline/stories/s724134.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">ABC TV Landline, Australia&apos;s National Rural Affair
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Weekly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Courtney 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane rust (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Puccinia\~melanocephala}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane rust is caused by }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P.\~melanocephala}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  an obligate parasitic fungi. Estimated loss from sugarcane rust in \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Australia was $3.5m }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Dat
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2195</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2482, Sydney, NSW 200
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(McLeod et al. 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The symptoms started from tiny, elongated spots, light green to yellow on l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eaves. These spots later enlarge and turn to reddish brown. Yield loss depending on environmental conditions was estimated to be 10-20% in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bernard</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>6945</RecNum><IDText>Cane\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 tonnage losses in B4362 due to rust disease in two areas with different climates</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6945</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane tonnage losses in B4362 due to rust disease in two areas with different 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
limates</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bernard,F.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>climate</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>65</Start_Page><End_Page>67</End_Page><Periodical>Proc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eedings First Inter-American Sugar Cane Seminar Florida</Periodical><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceeedings First Inter-American Sugar Cane Seminar Florida</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Bernard 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  an\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d 20-40% in USA }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>University of Florida</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6946</RecNum><IDText>Sugarcane rust disease (Puccinia melanocephela)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6946</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugarcane rust disease (<i>Puccinia melanocephela</i>)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>University of Florida</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>University of Florida USA</Periodical><Web_URL><u>http://www.pbcgov.com/coopext/agriculture/sugarcane/diseases/april_04.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">University of Florida USA</f></ZZ_Jou
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (University of Florida 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Pachymetra root rot (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pachymetra chaunorhiza}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Pachymetra root rot is a disease only found in Queensland sugarcane districts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Aut\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hor>Magarey</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>6949</RecNum><IDText>Relating cultivar Pachymetra root rot resistance to sugarcane yield using breeding selection trial analyses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6949</Ref_ID>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Title_Primary>Relating cultivar Pachymetra root rot resistance to sugarcane yield using breeding selection trial analyses</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,J.I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Keywords>cultivar</Keywords><Keywords>ROOT</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>617</Start_Page><End_Page>622</End
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Page><Periodical>Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture</Periodical><Volume>43</Volume><Web_URL><u>www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajea</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture</f></ZZ_JournalFull>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Magarey & Bull 2003)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. The disease seems to favour high rainfall areas. In northern Queensland, surveys indicated almost every field is infected with the disease. The disease is characterised by a sof\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t rot of the primary and some secondary roots leading to poor root development. Yield loss caused by Pachymetra root rot was estimated to be up to 40% }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Magarey</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>6950</RecNum><IDText>th\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e effect of Pachymetra root rot on sugarcane yield</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6950</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>the effect of Pachymetra root rot on sugarcane yield</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.C.</Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>ROOT</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>475</Start_Page><End_Page>477</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Disease</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Magarey 1994)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane smut (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ustilago\~scitaminea}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane smut is a serious disease of sugarcane that can reduce yields by 20\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
-30%. The disease causes severe stunting and is characterised by black, whip-like structures that form at the growing points of sugarcane plants. These whips replace the spindle leaves and are formed in the shoots developing from infected cane cuttings }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  AD\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Frison</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>6575</RecNum><IDText>FAO/IBPGR Technical guidelines for the safe movement of sugarcane germplasm</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6575</Ref_ID><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
itle_Primary>FAO/IBPGR Technical guidelines for the safe movement of sugarcane germplasm</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frison,E.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Putter,C.A.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>guideline</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>germplasm</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Rome</Pub_Place><Publisher>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/ International Board for Plant Genetic Resource
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Frison & Putter 1993)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. There was an outbreak of smut in Australia in July 1998 in the Ord River area of Western Australia. This outbreak was controlled and the disease has not been dete\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cted in eastern Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dise
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ase Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Star
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Short hot-water treatment and use of resistant varieties can control smut. 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The movement of sugarcane and sugarcane machinery is restricted in Queensland by the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Plant Protection Act 1989}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Qld) and the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Plant Protection Regulations 2002 
}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Qld). Provisions under the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Plant Protection Act 1989}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Qld) allow for inspectors to order the des\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 truction of diseased cane.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Other fungal diseases of sugarcane are minor diseases (Table 3) and cause less impact on yield.
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Viral diseases
\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Chlorotic streak
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The cause of the disease is unknown but it is thought that the disease may be caused by virus. \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The disease occurs in sugarcane districts with wet and poorly drained fields. Lower incidence of the disease is generally found in drier regions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Ma\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nagement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>W
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Au
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 DL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. The symptoms are the yellow to white streaks on the leaf and on the midrib and leaf sheath. Older streaks change to yellow and more visible than younger streaks. Finally chlorosis starts to appear in the middle of\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 the leave. Internal vascular bundle tissues may show reddish in colour. Yield can be reduced by 70% }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>200
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The disease is transmitted in soil by water. It is common in areas with poor drainage and flood prone areas. Chlorotic streak can also transmitted through cuttings. Infected cuttings show poor germination, slow and number of stool reduced.
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease

\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fij\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
i disease is caused by }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease virus }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(FDV) genus Figivirus, family Reoviridae. The symptoms is whitish galls raised on the underside of the leaf blade and midrib. Galls produced due to the disorder of cell proliferation in the phloem and xylem. The co\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
lour of the galls can vary from white to green and the surface of the gall is usually smooth. When the gall is old the epidermis may be ruptured and appear brown. At advance stage of infection, stem development slows down and successive leaves become smal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 er and stiffer, the whole top part develops a fan like appearance }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Iss
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease can be transmitted by \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 infected cutting, or by a vector: plant hoppers (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Perkinsiella\~saccharicidae}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
). Significant yield loss has been recorded in 1970s in Queensland }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Manag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Due to the intensive management program put in place, no reports of the disease incidence since the 1980s.
\par }\pard\plain \s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane mosaics
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane mosaic is caused by a number of potyviruses (Table 3) such as the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane mosai\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c virus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 (SCMV). The mosaic symptom pattern appears in young growing leaves. Once old, infected leaves may appear more normal as the mosaic become green. The record of yield loss caused by sugarcane mosaic was 40% in some fields }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
econdary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stat
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ons</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Aphids are the vector for transmission of the disease. Seed produced by infected cane can also transmit the disease.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\column 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Table 3. Di\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
seases of sugarcane that cause yield losses in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Frison</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>6575</RecNum><IDText>FAO/IBPGR Technical guidelines for the safe movement of sugarcane germplasm</IDText><MDL Ref_Type\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6575</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>FAO/IBPGR Technical guidelines for the safe movement of sugarcane germplasm</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frison,E.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Putter,C.A.J.</Authors_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>guideline</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>germplasm</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Rome</Pub_Place><Publisher>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Un
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ted Nations/ International Board for Plant Genetic Resources</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McLeod</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2214</RecNum><IDText>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar indu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
try</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Costs of major pests and diseases to the Australian sugar industry</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McLeod,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,G.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 G\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Incidence</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Keywords>C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
OP</Keywords><Keywords>Insecticides</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>46</End_Page><Periodical>Plant Protection Quarterly</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0815-2
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
95</ISSN_ISBN><Address>eSYS Development, GPO Box 2482, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Protection Quarterly</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Year>200
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 M\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
agarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Frison & Putter 1993; McLeod et al. 1999; Croft et al. 2000)}}}{\b 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par 
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 
\cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Common name\cell }\pard \s15\ql \fi-317\li317\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin317 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Causal agent\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Control\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Bacterial\cell }{\cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf scald \cell }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Xanthomonas albilineans}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ratoon stunting disease (RSD)\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Clavibacter xyli }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 subsp.}{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  xyli}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Disease free planting material \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Red stripe (Top rot)\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Acidovorax avenae}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  subsp. }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 avenae}{\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fungal\cell }{\cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Rusts\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Puccinia melanocephala }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
P.kuehnii\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties}{\i \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Yellow spot\cell }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Mycovellosiella koepkei\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties}{\i \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pachymetra}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  root rot\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pachymetra chaunorhiza\cell }{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties}{\i \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane smut\cell }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ustilago scitaminea\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant variety, hot water treatment\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pineapple disease\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ceratocytis paradoxa\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fungicide applied to setts
\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eye s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 pot\cell }{
\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bipolaris sacchari\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties}{\i \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Red rot \cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Glomerella tucumanensis\cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties\cell 
}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Pokkah boeng (\hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 
tangle top\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 )\cell }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fusarium monoliforme}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gibberella fujikuroi}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
F. subglutinans}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 G.\~subglutinans}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )}{\i \cell }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 plants usually recover without need for disease control\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row 
}\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 
\cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Viral}{\cell }\pard 
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\i \cell }{\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Chlorotic streak\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Unknown, probably virus\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Disease free planting material, good drainage\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 
\cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease phytoreovirus (FDV)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Resistant varieties\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx9639\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Mosaic diseases\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Potyviruses: Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SmMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Johnson grass mosaic virus (TGMV), striate mosaic associated virus.\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Disease free planting material and resistant varieties\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9747\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2943 \cellx2835
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 \cellx6237\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3402 
\cellx9639\row }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842682}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511489}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 1.\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7.2 \tab Pests{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842682}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
There are many insects and animals that are pests of sugarcane. In addition some insects such as plant hoppers (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Perkinsiella\~saccharicida}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are known vectors of other diseases }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Croft</Author><Ye\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ar>2000</Year><RecNum>2189</RecNum><IDText>Disease Management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2189</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disease Management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Croft,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Magarey,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whittle,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>289</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
g</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>13</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>094
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Allsopp</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2182</RecNum><IDText>Pest management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2182</Ref_ID><Title_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary>Pest management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Samson,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chandler,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>291</Start_Pa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><End_Page>337</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>14</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Croft et al. 2000; Allsopp et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Information below is summarised from \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 Australian Sugarcane Pests\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN RE\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
FMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Agnew</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>2112</RecNum><IDText>Australian sugarcane pests</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2112</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Australian sugarcane pests</Titl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Authors_Primary>Agnew,J.R</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Brisbane</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publishe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><ISSN_ISBN>0 646 33981 8</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Agnew 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Animal pests of sugarcane are numerous and include ground rats, climbing rats, feral pigs, wallabies, foxes, the striped possum, the eastern swamphe\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n and cockatoos. Ground rats (}{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Rattus\~sordidus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), wallabies, striped possums (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Dactylopsila\~trivirgata}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ), the eastern swamphen (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Porphyrio\~porphyrio}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) and cockatoos (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cacatua\~galerita}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are native to Australia and consequently are protected. Permits for control of\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 native animals in cane fields must be obtained from the relevant Cane Protection and Productivity Board. Integrated pest management is now widely employed to discourage and control economically damaging pests. This includes strategies such as controlling
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 weeds that may harbour rats }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allsopp</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2182</RecNum><IDText>Pest management</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2182</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Pes
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t management</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Samson,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chandler,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>291</Start_Page><End_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
age>337</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>14</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Allsopp et al. 2000)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\b \sect }\sectd \lndscpsxn\pgwsxn16840\pghsxn11907\binfsxn2\binsxn2\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Table 4 Insect pests of sugarcane }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Agnew\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>2112</RecNum><IDText>Australian sugarcane pests</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2112</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Australian sugarcane pests</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Agnew,J.R<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>pests</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Brisbane</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 646 33981 8</ISSN_ISBN
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Agnew 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trhdr\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Common Name\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Species \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Affected Plant Part \cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Control\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trhdr\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 
\cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Canegrubs\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 19 native species of beetle larvae\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  significant root damage destabilises stool leading to lodging \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 primarily inse\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cticide sprays\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Soldier fly\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Inopus rubriceps}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I. flavus}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  larvae\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  poor germination\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, plough out and leave bare fallow for a season, replant late\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ground pearls (bugs)\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eumargarodes laingi}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Promargarodes australis }{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nymphs\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  form cysts in soil (pearl) and feed on sap\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, tolerant varieties, plough out and leave bare fallow for a season
\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 
\cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cicadas\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3 species, nymphs\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
no chemical control, plough out and leave bare fallow for a season\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Funnel ants\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Aphaenogaster pythia\cell }{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash 
\loch\f0  weakens stools\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, plough out\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742
\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Symphylans\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hanseniella}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp.\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  poor crop establishment\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 encourage rapid germination, insecticides\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Nematodes\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 several\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Roots \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  interfere with water and nutrient absorption\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nematicides\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wireworms (click beetle larvae)\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Agrypnus variabilis}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Heteroderes}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp.
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  bore into the buds of setts or the growing point \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 insecticides in plant crops (none for ratoon crops)\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Black beetle\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Heteronychus arator}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Metanastes vulgivagus }{\fs18 \cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chew into young shoots causing death of the shoot\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, plough out and leave bare fallow for a season, insecticides registered for }{\i\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 H.\~arator}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  control in NSW only\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742
\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Rhyparida beetles\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Rhyparida morosa}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R.\~dimidiata }{\fs18 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chew into young shoots causing death of the shoot\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available \cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Butt weevil\cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  bore into setts and ratoons (occurs rarely)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Stenocorynus weevil\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Stenocorynus}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp.\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 chew roots of germinating setts, weakening growth (occurs rarely)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Whitefringed weevil\cell }\pard\plain 
\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Naupactus leucoloma\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chews leaves (occurs rarely)
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 
\cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Large moth borer\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bathytricha truncata\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  chew into young shoots causing death of the shoot (minor pest) \cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 
\cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ratoon shoot borer\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ephysteris promptella\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chew into young shoots causing death of the shoot \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
no chemical control, damage only severe under drought conditions\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bud moth\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Opogona glycphaga\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chew buds preventing germination (occurs rarely)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell 
}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 
\cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Field crickets\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Teleogryllus oceanicus}{\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T.\~commodus}{\fs18 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots 
\hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0   chew buds preventing germination (occurs rarely)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Mole cricket\cell }{\i\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gryllotapla}{\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  sp.\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chew buds and young shoots \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Wart eye\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 unidentified mites\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Shoots \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  buds fail to germinate\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 none available\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane weevil borer\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Rhabdoscelus obscurus\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  bore into stems allowing other diseases in\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, quarantine between growing areas of sugarcane and palms\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Termites\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 several species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  hollow out stems\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 no chemical control, remove dead wood from cane fields
\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 
\cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Locusts\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 several species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chewing\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 cultivation before eggs hatch\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Armyworms and loopers\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 various species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  chewing\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 plants usually recover from early damage
\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 
\cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Planthopper\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Perkinsiella saccharicida\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding, vector for Fiji disease\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Fiji disease resistant varieti\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 es\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Froghopper\cell }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Eoscarta carnifex\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding, leaves look scorched\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tolerant varieties\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd 
\trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 
\cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Linear bug\cell }\pard\plain 
\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Phaenacantha australiae\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 sap feeding, damaged leaves more susceptible to fungal diseases\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 natural enemies\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Mealybug\cell }\pard\plain 
\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharicoccus sacchari\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 natural enemies\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 
\cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Aphids\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3 species\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 natural enemies\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 
\cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Scale insect\cell }\pard\plain 
\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Aulacaspis madiunensis\cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs18 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Leaf and stem \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  sap feeding\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 disease free planting material\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs18 \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2518 \cellx2410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802 \cellx5212\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx9782\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4960 \cellx14742\row 
}\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594746}\sect }\sectd \binfsxn2\binsxn2\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 
\b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842683}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 2. \tab toxicity and allergenicit{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511489}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594746}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842683}
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842684}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section\tab 2.1\tab Toxicity{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842684}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane is a well-established agricultural crop with a long history of safe use. Sugarcane has been cultivated\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 in Australia for over 100 years. Commercial sugarcane is grown as a source of sugar (sucrose) for human food. By-products from processing sugarcane into sugar such as molasses and bagasse have been mainly used as food additives in stockfeed. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sucrose is t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
he primary product of plant photosynthesis and, therefore, common in food crops consumed regularly by humans and animals. Sucrose has an exceedingly long history of human dietary exposure. It has been classified as a non-toxic substance to humans }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN RE\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
FMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>MSDS</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6780</RecNum><IDText>Sucrose: MSDS Mateial Safety Datasheet</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Pamphlet"><Ref_Type>Pamphlet</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6780</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sucrose: MSDS Mateial Safet
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 Datasheet</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>MSDS</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>Sucrose</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Misc_1>MSDS S7394</Misc_1><Web_URL><u>www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7394.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>21</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (MSDS 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The LD}{\sub 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 50 }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 of sucrose for rats is 30 g/kg body weight }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>MSDS</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6780</RecNum><IDText>Sucrose: MS\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
DS Mateial Safety Datasheet</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Pamphlet"><Ref_Type>Pamphlet</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6780</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sucrose: MSDS Mateial Safety Datasheet</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>MSDS</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>Sucrose</Keywords><Keywords>Safety</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Misc_1>MSDS S7394</Misc_1><Web_URL><u>www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/s7394.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>21</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (MSDS 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Consuming\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 sucrose in extremely large oral dosages may produce gastrointestinal disturbances. Although there is no direct evidences that link sucrose consumption with toxicity, there are several studies indicating that sucrose intake should be limited because it ma
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  be associated with health problems }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Howard</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>6783</RecNum><IDText>Sugar and cardiovascular disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6783</Ref_ID><Tit\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le_Primary>Sugar and cardiovascular disease</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howard,B.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wylie-Rosett,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Pa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e>523</Start_Page><End_Page>535</End_Page><Periodical>Circulation</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/106/4/523</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Circulation</f></ZZ_JournalF
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ll><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Howard & Wylie-Rosett 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Studies found that a high intake of sucrose was associated with cardiovascular diseases, development of type II diabetes, obesity and hypertension }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Refman><Cite><Author>Howard</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>6783</RecNum><IDText>Sugar and cardiovascular disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6783</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar and cardiovascular disease</Title_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Primary>Howard,B.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wylie-Rosett,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>DISEASE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>523</Start_Page><End_Page>535</End_Page><Periodical>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
irculation</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/106/4/523</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Circulation</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refm
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Howard & Wylie-Rosett 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. In addition, it is well established that sucrose consumption increases the risk factor for dental caries }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rugg-Gunn</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>6784</RecNum><IDText>The role of\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 sugar in the aetiology of dental caries: 2. the epidemiological eveidence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6784</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The role of sugar in the aetiology of dental caries: 2. the epidemiological eveidenc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rugg-Gunn,A.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murray,J.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>190</Start_Page><End_Page>199</End_Page><Perio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ical>J Dent</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">J Dent</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Sreebny</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>6785</RecNum><IDText>Sugar avialability, sugar consu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ption and dental carries</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6785</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sugar avialability, sugar consumption and dental carries</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreebny,L.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
82</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>190</Start_Page><End_Page>199</End_Page><Periodical>Community Dent oral Epidemiol</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Community Dent oral Epidemiol</f></ZZ_JournalFull>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Rugg-Gunn & Murray 1983; Sreebny 1982)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A mixture of bagasse and molasses is used as cattle feed. When fed in large quantities and incorrectly, molasses may be toxic. The symptoms of molasses toxici\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ty are reduced body temperature, weakness and rapid breathing. The animal may have difficulty standing }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Perez R.</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6782</RecNum><IDText>Animal Feed Resources Information System:  Saccha\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rum officinarum: Mollasses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Pamphlet"><Ref_Type>Pamphlet</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6782</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Animal Feed Resources Information System:  <i>Saccharum officinarum</i>: Mollasses</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Perez R.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Azucar,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>Saccharum officinarum</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Web_URL><u>www.fao.org.ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/AFRIS/DATA/554.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>21</ZZ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Perez R. & de Azucar 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Molasses toxicity often affects eye-sight and the animal may
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  become blind. This indicated damage to the brain and the clinical syndrome was similar to that of cerebro-cortical necrosis. Necrosis in the brain readily develops and allows rapid diagnosis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Preston</Author><Year>1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
988</Year><RecNum>6344</RecNum><IDText>Molasses as animal feed: an overview</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6344</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Molasses as animal feed: an overview</Title_Primary><Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Preston,T.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>as</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Animal Feed</Keywords><Keywords>feed</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
950E19.htm</Periodical><Publisher>FAO Expert Consultation</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/s8850e/S9950E19.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbre
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Preston 1988)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. The necrosis is likely to be caused by either a decrease in energy supply to the brain because of thiamine deficiency or glucose deficiency. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Bagasse is the highly fibrous residue remaining after cane is pressed to remove sucrose. Like many other agricultural by-products such as cereal straws, bagasse is high in ligno-cellulose and may have a depressing effect on feed intake. The digestibility 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f bagasse is very poor because of the presence of lignin which protects carbohydrates from being digested by the rumen microbes }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de la Cruz</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6353</RecNum><IDText>Steam treated bagasse \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation with Gliricidia sepium and urea/molasses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6353</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Steam treated bagasse for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ith <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> and urea/molasses</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de la Cruz,H.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>Cattle</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page><u>http://www.cipav.or
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Start_Page><Periodical>Livestock Research for Rural Development</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Livest
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ck Research for Rural Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Leng</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>6558</RecNum><IDText>Application of biotechnology to nutrition of animals in developing countries</IDTex
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6558</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Application of biotechnology to nutrition of animals in developing countries</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Leng,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991</Date_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Keywords>nutrition</Keywords><Keywords>animals</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>developing countries</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Volume>FAO Technical papers,</Volume><Pub
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Place>Rome</Pub_Place><Publisher>FAO</Publisher><Title_Series>Animal Production and Health</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (de la Cruz 1990; Leng 1991)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . To improve the nutritive value of ligno-cellulose materials for\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  livestock, physical or chemical pre-treatments are required }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de la Cruz</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6353</RecNum><IDText>Steam treated bagasse for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation with Gliricidia sep
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ium and urea/molasses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6353</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Steam treated bagasse for fattening cattle. Effect of supplementation with <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> and urea/molasses</Title_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>de la Cruz,H.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>Cattle</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page><u>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Start_Page><Periodical>Livestock 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
esearch for Rural Development</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd2/2/osirio.htm</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Livestock Research for Rural Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_Workform
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Playne</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>6533</RecNum><IDText>Increased digestibility of bagasses by pretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_ID>6533</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Increased digestibility of bagasses by pretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Playne,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>digestibility</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>426</Start_Page><End_Page>433</End_Page><Periodical>Biotechnology and Bioengineering</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biotechnology and Bioengineering</f></ZZ
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biotechnol.Bioeng.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(de la Cruz 1990; Playne 1984)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842685}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section\tab 2.2\tab Allergenicity{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842685}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sugarcane pollen is tra
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nsported by wind and therefore has potential to act as an airborne allergen. Allergenicity of sugarcane pollen was evaluated by Chakraborty et al. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Chakraborty</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>6286</R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecNum><IDText>Differences in concentrations of allergenic pollens and spores at different heights on an agricultural farm in West Bengal, India.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6286</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Differences in
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
concentrations of allergenic pollens and spores at different heights on an agricultural farm in West Bengal, India.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chakraborty,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupta-Bhattacharya,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ch
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
wdhury,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Majumdar,M.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chanda,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>SPORES</Keywords><Keywords>spore</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>agricultural</Keywords><Keywords>India</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>123</Start_Page><End_Page>130</End_Page><Periodical>Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ZZ_Journal
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 F\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ull><f name="System">Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Ann.Agric.Environ.Med.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (2001)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . In the skin te\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sts that were conducted, 70.58% of field workers with respiratory disorders showed highly reactive skin tests. The authors also tested rice and several other plant species and concluded that sugarcane pollen was the most significant allergenic type. Howev
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r, there are no reports of any major allergic responses to the commercial hybrid cultivars of sugarcane in Australia.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511490}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594747}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842686}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.\tab weediness{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511490}{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594747}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842686}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
In Australia sugarcane occurs almost exclusively in\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 managed cultivation.  In sugarcane districts, transient sugarcane plants may occur along roadsides or railways where it can establish after displacement during transport, but there is no indication that these form self-perpetuating populations. 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842687}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.1\tab Weediness of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. hybrids{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842687}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Commercial cultivars of sugarcane are hybrids of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. They are not recognised as weeds in Australia or anywhere in the world. They have lost many of the critical we\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 edy attributes that were present in the parental species from which the cultivated sugarcane hybrids were derived }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1609</RecNum><IDText>World weeds.  Natural histories and distri\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
bution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doll,J.</Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry><Authors_Primary>Holm,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pancho,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herberger,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Reprin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>John Wiley and Sons, Inc</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Holm et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Most commercial cultivars of sugarcane are routinely harvested before flowering as the p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rocess of flowering leads to reduction in stem sugar content }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum><IDText>Flowering and flower synchronization</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapt
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
er</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2108</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Flowering and flower synchronization</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuss,K.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>311</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Issue>7</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore & Nuss 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . As discussed above, when allowed to flower, sugarcane flowering is erratic and variable and sugarcane seed is short-lived }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2252</RecNum><IDText>Fertility, seed storage and see\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d viability in sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2252</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fertility, seed storage and seed viability in sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.S.</Authors_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 10/25/2002</Reprint><Start_Page>1236</Start_Page><End_Page>1240</End_Page><Volu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e>17</Volume><Title_Series>Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Rao 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Even if seed is produced, the chance of it germinating, surviving to reprodu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ctive maturity and spreading is low. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Volunteer sugarcane seedlings of modern cultivars are non-invasive in natural habitats and are likely to be controlled by natural herbivores during early stages of growth or be out-competed by other weeds. There has be
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 en one instance of volunteer sugarcane, of cultivar CP29-116, probably growing for 30-40 years in southern Queensland.  These volunteer canes consist of only a few stools and have not spread further.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 The potential for }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. hybrids to become weeds\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 in Australia is low because canes are harvested before they flower as mentioned above. Unaided dispersal of the sugarcane vegetative materials is unlikely due to the size and weight of the stem sections. Animal pests such as feral pigs have the strength 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
o remove plant material and take them elsewhere. But there are no reports of feral pigs or other animal pests of sugarcane indulging in such activities. Establishment and spread of volunteers are unlikely as the seedlings of modern cultivars are highly su
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ceptible to pests, weeds and therefore unlikely to establish and spread without human intervention. Un-germinated stem cuttings tend not to survive for long as they are rapidly degraded by soil micro-organisms due to their high sugar content.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842688}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ection 3.2\tab Weediness of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Species{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842688}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 None of five recognised }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  species (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum, S.\~robustrum, S.\~barberi}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~sinensis}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are native to Australia. Some of these species are maintained within Australian sugar\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cane research stations as germplasm. Only two parental species of modern cultivars are recorded naturalised in Australia ie }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Hnatiuk 1990).
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842689}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2.1\tab }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum\~spontaneum}{{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842689}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is native to India\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and recorded as a weed in 33 countries and is adapted to diverse environments throughout the world, ranging from tropical to subtropical regions, most commonly found in central and south-eastern Asia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1609</RecNum><IDText>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</Title_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary><Authors_Primary>Holm,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doll,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pancho,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herberger,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>John Wiley and Sons, Inc</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Holm et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t is classified as a noxious weed in 42 states of the USA }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>USDA</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>6790</RecNum><IDText>Saccharum spontaneum L. wild sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Report"><Ref_Type>Report</Ref_Type><\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Ref_ID>6790</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><i>Saccharum spontaneum</i> L. wild sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>USDA</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
riodical>Plant Profile USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service</Periodical><Publisher>USDA</Publisher><Web_URL><u>http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SASP</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Plant Profile USDA Natural Res
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 urces Conservation Service</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>24</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (USDA 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. It occurs in wastelands, fallow fields, marshes, on banks of streams and ponds, on sand dunes, along railroads and highways and in or arou\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nd agricultural fields. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is a serious agricultural weed in Thailand, the Philippines, India and Indonesia where it competes vigorously on disturbed sites }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1609</RecN\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
um><IDText>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,L.</A
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
thors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doll,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pancho,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herberger,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s>weed</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>John Wiley and Sons, Inc</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>
}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Holm et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Pure stands of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  can be\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 found in poor agricultural soils degraded by fire and overuse }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hammond</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>6786</RecNum><IDText>Saccharum spontaneum (Gramineae) in Panama: The Physiology and Ecology of Invasion</IDText\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6786</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><i>Saccharum spontaneum (</i>Gramineae) in Panama: The Physiology and Ecology of Invasion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hammond,B.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>ECOLOGY</Keywords><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>invasion</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Publisher>The Hayworth Press, Inc.</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 te></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Hammond 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ;}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1609</RecNum><IDText>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doll,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pancho,J.</Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Authors_Primary>Herberger,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>John Wiley and Sons, Inc</Pu
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Holm et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Because of higher genetic variability of polyploid species, }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 has more variable morphology and physiology, enabling it to develop higher phenotypic plasticity a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nd effectively compete in disturbance prone and changeable habitats. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum\hich\f0 
\rquote }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s competitive advantage is due to its diverse reproductive abilities. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  can reproduce}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 by both vegetative propagation (layering, root and stem cutting) and seedin\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
g. It invades aggressively both underground and above ground by extending rhizomes, tillers (secondary shoots) and tertiary shoots, which together form thick stools or clumps }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pursglove</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecN\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
um>6787</RecNum><IDText>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pursglove,J.W.</Authors_Primary><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ate_Primary>1972</Date_Primary><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>monocotyledons</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Longman Scientific and Technical</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_W
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Pursglove 1972)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . The dense root mat of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  makes it impossible for young seedlings to penetrate and emerge. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is highly variable, tolerating a broad range of soil types and moisture contents. It is s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hade tolerant and produces many small wind dispersed seed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pursglove</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>6787</RecNum><IDText>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Type><Ref_ID>6787</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tropical crops: Monocotyledons</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pursglove,J.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1972</Date_Primary><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>monocotyledons</Keywords
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Longman Scientific and Technical</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Pursglove 1972)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . These weedy traits have not been incorporated into commercial hyb\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rids.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Australia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Virtual Herbarium (}{\cs20\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) records }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  collected in the Northern Territory, Queensland and northern New South Wales. Evidence suggests that currently }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is not a serious weed in Australia, bec\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ause surviving uncultivated populations have established in the Northern Territory for at least 50 years without further spread. 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842690}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2.2\tab }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum officinarum}{{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842690}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is cultivated as agricultural crop in many countries in Asi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a and other tropical climate countries. It has been grown as food crop in the Americas and Indies since the 18}{\super 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 th}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  century. It is thought that }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~offiicinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  was originally selected by humans in Papua New Guinea. }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has escaped the agricultural \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
area and naturalised in some areas but has not been recorded as a major weed in Australia (Hnatiuk 1990; USDA 2004) or elsewhere }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1609</RecNum><IDText>World weeds.  Natural histo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ries and distribution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>World weeds.  Natural histories and distribution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doll,J
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Holm,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pancho,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herberger,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>HISTORY</K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>John Wiley and Sons, Inc</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Holm et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Hnatiuk }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Hnatiuk<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><IDText>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1077</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</Title_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Hnatiuk,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Gossypium</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Issue>No. 11 in series</Issue><Pub_Place>Can
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
erra</Pub_Place><Publisher>Australian Government Publishing Service</Publisher><Title_Series>Australian flora and fauna</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0 644 11606 4</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (1990)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  reported that }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~offic\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 inarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is naturalised in Queensland and New South Wales. Lazarides et al (1997) recorded it as a minor weed found naturalised in some Tropical and Mediterranean climates in Australia. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has also been recorded as a minor weed and/or a \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 quarantine species in some countries (Randall, 2002) because it may pose a risk of quarantine disease transmission.  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 As a result of many years of cultivation, }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has essentially lost the capacity to invade in uncultivated habitats. Generally t
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 his species has less capacity to compete in the natural environment than }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. However, due to its perennial nature, some populations escape from cultivation and can persist as long as there is sufficient moisture in the root zone. A few populatio\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ns of }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  have established outside agricultural areas in southern Queensland for 30-40 years. These populations consist of only a few stools and do not result in further spread.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842691}
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 3.2.3\tab Other }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  weed species{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842691}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 There ar\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e a number of species within genus }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 which are recognised as weeds elsewhere such as }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum\~arundinaceum, S.\~bengalense, S.\~floridulum, S.\~
narenga, S.\~procerum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~ravennae}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Randall, 2002). There are no records of these species in Australia (\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hnatiuk, 1990; }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html;" }{{\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002100000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063007000620072002e0067006f0076002e00610075002f006100760068002e00680074006d006c003b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f00
2f007700770077002e0063007000620072002e0067006f0076002e00610075002f006100760068002e00680074006d006c003b000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs20\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html;}}}{\cs20 \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Randall, 2002).
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842692}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 3.3\tab Weediness of Species in the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Complex in Australia{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842692}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Sugarcane is closely related to the genera }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erian\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 thus, Narenga, Miscanthus }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sclerostachya}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. These genera including }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  are collectively known as the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 complex and are expected to be sexually compatible at some levels (Bull & Glasziou 1979; Grassl 1980; Daniels & Roach 1987). 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 inensis }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 has been recorded in southern Western Australia, the central coast of New South Wales }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hnatiuk</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><IDText>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</IDText><MDL Ref_Type=\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
"Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1077</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hnatiuk,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plan
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>Gossypium</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Issue>No. 11 in series</Issue><Pub_Place>Canberra</Pub_Place><Publisher>Australian Government Publishing Service</Publisher><Title_Series>Australian flora an
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  fauna</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0 644 11606 4</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Hnatiuk 1990)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
, southern South Australia, southern Victoria and in two locations in Tasmania }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Australi\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
a&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>20
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
4</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tml</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Australia's Virtual Herbarium 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and locally is considered weedy }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
efman><Cite><Author>Lazarides</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1170</RecNum><IDText>CSIRO Handbook of Australian Weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1170</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>CSIRO Handbook of Australian Wee
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lazarides,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cowley,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hohnen,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>monitorin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>264</End_Page><Pub_Place>Canberra, ACT</Pub_Place><Publisher>CSIRO</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>3 9009 00430096 4  &amp; 0 643 05981 4</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>3 copies available - 2 co
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ies in Monitoring and Compliance Library.  1170(2) (BC 056) &amp; 1170(3) (BC 0100); 1 copy in Evaluation Unit bookcase</Availability><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Lazarides et al. 1997)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus\~floridulus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is a noxious weed \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 overseas }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A global compendium of weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A global co
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mpendium of weeds</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Sta
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
t_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richardson</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rp
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 andall@agric.wa.gov.au</Address><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Randall 2002)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . It has been found naturalised in Australia but has not been recorded as a weed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman>\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Pr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
mary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http:
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Australia's Virtual Herbarium 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus\~nepalensis}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is recor\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ded as locally invasive in New Zealand and Brazil }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A global compendium of weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A global compendium of weeds</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richardson</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Ag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 iculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rprandall@agric.wa.gov.au</Address><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Randall 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Narenga\~porphyrocoma}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has been collected from a single site in Qu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 eensland within commercial sugarcane growing areas }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_Primary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eprint><Periodical>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Australia's Virtual Herbarium 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Other species in the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Miscanthus}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  genera are listed in \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 A Global Compendium of Weeds\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Randall</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3839</RecNum><IDText>A globa\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
l compendium of weeds</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3839</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A global compendium of weeds</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Randall,R.P</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>905</End_Page><Pub_Place>Meredith, Victoria</Pub_Place><Publisher>R.G. &amp; F.J. Richa
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dson</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0 9587439 8 3</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_1>1</Misc_1><Address>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.  E-mail: rprandall@agric.wa.gov.au</Address><Web_URL><u>www.weedinfo.com.au</u></Web_URL><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></C
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 te></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Randall 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as weeds of agriculture in Asia. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Some accessions of the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  complex, such as }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Miscanthus }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 are maintained in many sugarcane research station germplasm collections for sugarcane breeding in Australia.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80511491}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc80594748}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842693}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 4. \tab Potential for gene transfer{\*\bkmkend _Toc80511491}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  From Sugarcane to other organisms{\*\bkmkend _Toc80594748
}{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842693}
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842694}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.1 \tab Gene Transfer to Cultivated Sugarcane and naturalised sugarcane{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842694}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
As indicated above, sugarcane flowering is variable in the field and the crop is exclusively vegetatively propagated. Sugarcane is a largely cross-pollinated species with a low frequency of selfing and pollen is dispersed by wind }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Cite><Author>McIntyre</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>6579</RecNum><IDText>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6579</Ref_ID><Tit
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e_Primary>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McIntyre,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jackson,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f</Keywords><Keywords>selfing</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>249</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>117</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f n
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 me="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McIntyre & Jackson 2001)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. No insect or animal vectors for sugarcane pollen are known. Pollen viability is low under natural environmental conditions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>2247</RecNum><IDText>Studies on sugarcane pollen. II. Pollen storage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2247</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Studies on sugarc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ne pollen. II. Pollen storage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976</Date_Primary><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>temperature</Keywords><Keywords>Freezing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>80</End_Page><Periodical>Phyton, Argentina</Periodical><Volume>34</Volume><Issue>1</Iss
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e><ISSN_ISBN>PHYBA</ISSN_ISBN><Address>USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phyton, Argentina</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1976)
}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Sugarcane pollen is rapidly desiccate\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 d after dehiscence, having a half life of only 12 minutes and no viability after 35 minutes at 26.5\'b0\loch\f0 C and 67% relative humidity }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>2247</RecNum><IDText>Studies on sugarcane pollen\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. II. Pollen storage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2247</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Studies on sugarcane pollen. II. Pollen storage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moore,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976</Date_Prima
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
y><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>POLLEN</Keywords><Keywords>In Vitro</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>VITRO</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>temperature</Keywords><Keywords>Freezing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in Fil
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>80</End_Page><Periodical>Phyton, Argentina</Periodical><Volume>34</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>PHYBA</ISSN_ISBN><Address>USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Phyton, Ar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 entina</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Moore 1976)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Even under artificial conditions, storage of sugarcane pollen is difficult and has been the subject of intensive investigations by sugarcane breeders, who wou\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ld like to store valuable pollen for desirable crosses.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Different varieties of sugarcane produce different amounts of pollen. Crossing and selfing therefore varied greatly. Analysis of seed derived from crossing studies showing seed set varied between 3.1-
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 22.7% }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Grassl</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2202</RecNum><IDText>Breeding Andropoganeae at the generic level for biomass</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2202</Ref_ID><Title_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary>Breeding <i>Andropoganeae</i> at the generic level for biomass</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grassl,C.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>sorghum</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>biomass</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>41</Start_Page><End_Page>57</End_Page><Periodical>Sugarcane Breeders&apos; Newsl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tter</Periodical><Issue>43</Issue><Address>U.S. Sugarcane Field Station, Canal Point, Florida, U.S.A.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sugarcane Breeders&apos; Newsletter</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or>Rao</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2252</RecNum><IDText>Fertility, seed storage and seed viability in sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2252</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fertility, see
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 storage and seed viability in sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Reprin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>On Request 10/25/2002</Reprint><Start_Page>1236</Start_Page><End_Page>1240</End_Page><Volume>17</Volume><Title_Series>Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refma
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Grassl 1980; Rao 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 reflecting the poor viability of sugarcane pollen. In some case seed were uniform in size but up to 30% were smaller or shrivelled, however, most of them germinated }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>1980\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>2252</RecNum><IDText>Fertility, seed storage and seed viability in sugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2252</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fertility, seed storage and seed viabil
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ty in sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>Fertility</Keywords><Keywords>seed</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>sugar cane</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 10/25/2002</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eprint><Start_Page>1236</Start_Page><End_Page>1240</End_Page><Volume>17</Volume><Title_Series>Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Rao 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . Molecular\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  methods have indicated that 0-17% of progeny from apparent hybrid crosses are actually the result of selfing }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McIntyre</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>6579</RecNum><IDText>Low level of selfing found in a sample of \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</IDText><Prefix>flower being fertilised by its own pollen, </Prefix><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6579</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McIntyre,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jackson,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>selfing</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>249</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>117</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (flower being fertilised by its own pollen, McIntyre & Jackson 2001)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Selfing frequencies were found to vary dramatically between 0-18% }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McIntyre</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNu\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
m>6579</RecNum><IDText>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6579</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Low level of selfing found in a sample of cr
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
sses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McIntyre,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jackson,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>selfing</Keywords><Keywords>suga
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cane</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>249</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>117</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_Workform
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 D>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McIntyre & Jackson 2001)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  to 0-80% }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hogarth</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>6580</RecNum><IDText>The effect of accidental selfing on the analysis of a diallel cross with s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ugarcane</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6580</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effect of accidental selfing on the analysis of a diallel cross with sugarcane</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Date
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>selfing</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>737</Start_Page><End_Page>746</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><V
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lume>29</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Hogarth 1980)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Parents used in breeding programs are classified as male or female depending on relative amounts of via\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ble pollen produced. Sex is often determined by aceto-carmine staining to determine the viability of pollen. Clones with <10% pollen viability are designated as female, clones with >25% viable pollen are designated as male. Clones with intermediate levels
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 of viable pollen (10-20%) are classified as bisexual and may be used as either male or female parents }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McIntyre</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>6579</RecNum><IDText>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6579</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs</Title_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>McIntyre,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jackson,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>of</Keywords><Keywords>selfing</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>249</End_Page><Periodical>Euphytica</Periodical><Volume>117</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Euphytica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (McIntyre & Jackson 2001)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 C\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ommercial breeding programs produce artificial crosses between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 spp. hybrids under highly favourable conditions. Male and female arrows are set up inside canvas lanterns (pollen impervious canvas bags) with the male set above the female to allow p\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ollen to be shed downwards onto the female flowers }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><IDText>Cane breeding and improvement</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
D>2188</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cane breeding and improvement</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cox,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><End_Page>108</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Manual of cane growing</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hogarth,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Allsopp,P.<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Indooroopilly, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations</Publisher><ISSN_ISBN>0949678058</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Cox et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . However, sugarcane is not an ideal candidate for crossing in conventional plant breeding due to its characteristic non-synchronous flowering and low sexual seed viability }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Selman-Housein</Author><Year>2000</Year><R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecNum>6559</RecNum><IDText>Towards the improvement of sugarcane bagasse as raw material for the prodution of paper pulp and animal feed</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6559</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Towards the i
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
provement of sugarcane bagasse as raw material for the prodution of paper pulp and animal feed</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Selman-Housein,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lopez,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ramos,O.</Authors_Primary><Auth
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rs_Primary>Carmona,E.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arencibia,A.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Menedez,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Miranda,F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>IMPROVEMENT</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>as</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>Animal Feed</Keywords><Keywords>feed</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Genetic Engineering</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Pag
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>189</Start_Page><End_Page>193</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Plant genetic engineering towards the third millenium</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Arencibia,A.D.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Amsterdam-Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Singapore, Tokyo</Pub_Pl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ce><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Selman-Housein et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Viable pollen of sugarcane would not be expected to disperse very far. Accordingly, cross-pollination would only be expected to occur \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
to flowering sugarcane plants growing in close proximity. In addition, a very low rate of successful crosses would be expected due to the rapid loss of pollen viability.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842695}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.2 \tab Gene transfer to other related }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  species{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842695}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
It has been reported that species with the genus }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  can hybridise with other closely related species }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Grassl</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2202</RecNum><IDText>Breeding Andropoganeae at the generic level fo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r biomass</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2202</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Breeding <i>Andropoganeae</i> at the generic level for biomass</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grassl,C.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>sorghum</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>biomass</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Reprint>In File
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Reprint><Start_Page>41</Start_Page><End_Page>57</End_Page><Periodical>Sugarcane Breeders&apos; Newsletter</Periodical><Issue>43</Issue><Address>U.S. Sugarcane Field Station, Canal Point, Florida, U.S.A.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sugarcane
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Breeders&apos; Newsletter</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ype><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Pla
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Grassl</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthor><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2202</RecNum><IDText>Breeding Andropoganeae at the generic level for biomass</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2202</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Breeding <i>Andropoganeae</i> at the generic level 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
or biomass</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grassl,C.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>sorghum</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>biomass</Keywords><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>41</Start_Page><End_Page>57</End_Page><Periodical>Sugarcane Breeders&apos; Newsletter</Periodical><Issue>43</Issue><Address>U.S. Sugarca
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e Field Station, Canal Point, Florida, U.S.A.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sugarcane Breeders&apos; Newsletter</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>
}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Grassl 1980; Daniels & Roach 1987; Grassl 1980)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  Howe\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ver, such reports of hybridisation do not generally refer to modern sugarcane varieties (complex hybrids).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Gene flow between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  spp. hybrids to other }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 species is likely to be low, because plants are likely to be harvested before flowering. \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 If seed set happens, seedling survival is poor, and field management methods would limit survival of any volunteer plants.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 None of five recognised }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  species (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum, S.\~officinarum, S.\~robustrum, S}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\~}{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 barberi }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~sinensis}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are native to Aus\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tralia. These species are maintained within sugarcane research stations as germplasm and can hybridise successfully with modern cultivars of sugarcane (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\~\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
spp. hybrid). These species have been used in breeding programs to produce new varieties. Of t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hese species only }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  are recorded as naturalised in Australia. There is no records of native or endangered species having sexual compatibility with sugarcane in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Autho\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ary><Authors_Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Se
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ondary>Sugarcane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Se
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ies><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987)}}}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 There are a number of species within the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  genus which are recognised as weed elsewhere, such as }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 accharum\~arundinaceum, S.\~bengalense, S.\~floridulum, S.\~narenga, S.\~procerum, S.\~ravennae}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Randall, 2002)}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
These species have potential to outcross successfully with hybrid sugarcane but as mentioned above there have been no records of these species in Aus\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tralia (Hnatiuk, 1990; }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cs20\ul 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  HYPERLINK "http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html" }{\ul {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063007000620072002e0067006f0076002e00610075002f006100760068002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f00
7700770077002e0063007000620072002e0067006f0076002e00610075002f006100760068002e00680074006d006c000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs20\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html}}}{\cs20\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 )}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842696}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.3\tab Gene transfer to other genera in Saccharum complex{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842696}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
As indicated above, sugarcane is closely related to the genera }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 rianthus, Narenga, Miscanthus }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sclerostachya}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . These five genera (including }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ) are collectively known as the }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 complex and are expected to be sexually compatible at some levels (Bull & Glasziou 1979; Grassl 1980; Daniels & Roach 1987). 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 lthough many attempts to cross between these species may have been attempted in sugarcane research stations, limited publications are available. Of 96 crosses made at BSES in Queensland between }{
\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Erianthus\~arundinaceus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or hybrid }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\~\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
spp., 26 were fertile producing over 1000 seedlings. Only 19 putative hybrids have survived, all were derived from }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as a female parent and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E.\~
arundinaceus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  as a male parent (Piperidis et al. 2000). Genuine hybrids were produced at a frequency \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 of 2.8% however all of these hybrids had poor vigour and were sterile }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Piperidis</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2221</RecNum><IDText>Molecular contribution to selection of intergeneric hybrids between sugarcane and
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 the wild species Erianthus arundinaceus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2221</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Molecular contribution to selection of intergeneric hybrids between sugarcane and the wild species <i>Erianthus arundi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
aceus</i></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Piperidis,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Christopher,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carroll,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berding,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>D&apos;Hont,A.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>HYBRIDS</Keywords><Keywords>hybrid</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Keywords>germplasm</Keywords><Keywords>TOLERANCE</Keywords><Keywords>DISE
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
SE</Keywords><Keywords>DISEASE RESISTANCE</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>LEAF</Keywords><Keywords>germination</Keywords><Keywords>SEEDLINGS</Keywords><Keywords>seedling</Keywords><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>PROGENY</Keywords><Keywords>PROGENIES</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Saccharum officinarum</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>FERTILE</Keywords><Keywords>CHROMOSOME</Keywords><Keywords>In Situ Hybridization</Keywords><Keywords>H
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
BRIDIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>INTROGRESSION</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1033</Start_Page><End_Page>1037</End_Page><Periodical>Genome</Periodical><Volume>43</Volume><Issue>6</Is
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ue><ISSN_ISBN>0831-2796</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068: gpiperidis@bses.org.au, Australia.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Genome</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 </Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Piperidis et al. 2000)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Chromosome elimination has been observed in all putative hybrids. Molecular studies have demonstrated that }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E.\~arundinaceus}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is genetically quite distant from }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Nair 1999; Alix et al. 1998). 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In conclusion, evide\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nce indicated that even if the commercial hybrid sugarcanes were allowed to flower, the likelihood of gene transfer to other closely related species within the }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  complex or their hybrids is very low, because of genetic incompatibility. 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842697}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.4 \tab gene transfer to other genera in {\*\bkmkend _Toc87842697}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 tribe andropogoneae}{\i 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Hybridisation with }{\i 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  has also been attempted with some distantly related genera belonging to tribe Andropogoneae such as }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Imperata }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (blady grass)}{
\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , Sorghum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (sorghum)}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Ba\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mbusa }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(bamboo) (Nair 1999; Rao et al. 1967; Janakiammal 1938; Thomas & Venkatraman 1930). These claims for intergeneric hybrids are based on anatomical morphological and cytological studies but have never been verified by molecular analysis. A few of these
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  putative intergeneric hybrids could not be accepted as true hybrids (Grassl 1980; Nair 1999; Rao et al. 1967). 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Histological analysis of crosses between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S. officinarum, S.\~robustum, S\~ spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  plus seven }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  hybrids and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bambusa}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  indicated that abo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rtion of hybrid embryos occurred during the early embryogenic stage (Rao et al. 1967). Four mature seeds were obtained from 960 crosses using }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Bambusa}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 as a female parent, all putative hybrid seeds were either from }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~robustum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 as male parent
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s. These putative hybrids either failed to germinate from seed or died at seedling stage (Rao et al. 1967).
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sorghum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  species have been artificially crossed with }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  hybrids (Grassl 1980) and }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 S.\~
officinarum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (Nair 1999). Wild }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Sorghum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 species are among the weeds of Australian sugarcane crops (McMahon et al. 2000) and are widespread in Australia (Hnatiuk 1990). Generally, the offspring have been of low vigour and fertility, but back crossing to both parents have been achieved (Grassl 1
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
80; Sreenivasan et al. 1987). However, Grassel (1980) recorded that after the 4th to 5th generation of backcrossing to sorghum, the sugarcane chromosomes had been eliminated from the intergeneric hybrids.
\par }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Imperata}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  (blady grass) is capable of crossing with }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Sreenivasan et al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Imperata\~cylindrica}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is reported in Australia }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Clifford</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>2187</RecNum><IDText>Keys to the families and genera of Queensland flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Boo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
k, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2187</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Keys to the families and genera of Queensland flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clifford,H.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ludlow,G.</Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary><Date_Primary>1978</Date_Primary><Keywords>FAMILY</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Volume>Second revised</Volume><Pub_Place>B
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
isbane, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>University of Queensland Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hartley</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>2207</RecNum><IDText>A checklist of economic plants in Australia</IDText>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2207</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A checklist of economic plants in Australia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hartley,W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Melbourne, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>CSIRO Publishing</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hnatiuk</Author><Year>199
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><IDText>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1077</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Census of Australian Vascular Plants</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hnatiuk,R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Gossypium</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Issue>No. 11 in series</Issue><Pub_Place>Canberra</Pub_Place><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ublisher>Australian Government Publishing Service</Publisher><Title_Series>Australian flora and fauna</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0 644 11606 4</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Clifford</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>21
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 8\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
7</RecNum><IDText>Keys to the families and genera of Queensland flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2187</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Keys to the families and genera of Queensland flowerin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 plants (Magnoliophyta)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clifford,H.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ludlow,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1978</Date_Primary><Keywords>FAMILY</Keywords><Keywords>Queensland</Keywords><Keywords>Flowering</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Volume>Second revised</Volume><Pub_Place>Brisbane, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>University of Queensland Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Author>Hartley</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>2207</RecNum><IDText>A checklist of economic plants in Australia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2207</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A checklist of economic plants in Aus
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ralia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hartley,W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Melbourne, Australia</Pub_Place>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Publisher>CSIRO Publishing</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Clifford & Ludlow 1978; Hartley 1979; Hnatiuk 1990; Clifford & Ludlow 1978; Hartley 1979)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .  }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I.\~cylindrica}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 is a perennial species that commonly grows on degraded\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  or burnt-off land in most Australian sugarcane-growing districts.  It is a common weed in Queensland }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kleinschidmidt</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>2210</RecNum><IDText>Weeds of Australia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Bo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ok, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2210</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Weeds of Australia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kleinschidmidt,H.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johnson,R.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1977</Date_Primary><Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Brisbane, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>S.R. Hampson, Government Printer</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Kleins\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 chidmidt & Johnson 1977)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , and although it occurs in all Australian states }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Auld</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1607</RecNum><IDText>Weeds, an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia</IDText><MDL Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
f_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1607</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Weeds, an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Auld,B.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Medd,R.W.</Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>255pp</Start_Page><Pub_Place>Melbourne, Australia</Pub_Place><Publisher>NSW Agriculture/Inkata Press</P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
blisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2126</RecNum><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2126</Ref_ID><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Australia&apos;s Virtual Herbarium</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>IDENTIFICATION</Keywords><Keywords>STATE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http:
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Periodical><Web_URL>http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.cpbr.gov.au/avh.html</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Auld & Medd 1987;\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  Australia's Virtual Herbarium 2004)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  it is not listed as a noxious weed in any jurisdiction }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2249</RecNum><IDText>Weeds Australia: Natio\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nal weeds strategy database</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Electronic Citation"><Ref_Type>Electronic Citation</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2249</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Weeds Australia: National weeds strategy database</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>National Weeds Strategy E
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 x\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ecutive Committee</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>weeds</Keywords><Keywords>weed</Keywords><Keywords>AUSTRALIA</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm</Periodical><Web_URL>http://
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ww.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>34</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee 2002)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 There is \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 one report of experimental cross between }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I.\~cylindrica }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 and a }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum}{\~
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 hybrid, producing triploid progeny resembling sugarcane, which could apparently self-fertilise to produce F2 progeny }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Daniels</Author><Year>1987<\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><IDText>Taxonomy and evolution</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2106</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Taxonomy and evolution</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Daniels,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Primary>Roach,B.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>Taxonomy</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>7</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugar
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ane improvement through breading</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>2</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdm, Netherlands</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_IS
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 B\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
N>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_2>11</Misc_2><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Sreenivasan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2107</RecNum><IDText>Cytogenetics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 R\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ef_Type><Ref_ID>2107</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cytogenetics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sreenivasan,T.V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahloowalia,B.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>breeding</Keywords><Keywords>cytogenetics</Keywords><Keywords>sugarcane</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>211</Start_Page><End_Page>253</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sugarcane improvement through breeding</Title_Se
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ondary><Authors_Secondary>Heinz,D.J.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>5</Issue><Pub_Place>Amsterdam</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier</Publisher><Title_Series>Development in crop sciences</Title_Series><ISSN_ISBN>0-444-42769-4 (vol. 11)</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_WorkformID>3<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Daniels & Roach 1987; Sreenivasan et al. 1987)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Thus, intergeneric gene transfer involving existing commercial sugarcane hybrids may be possible by hand-pollination under experimental conditions designed to overcome \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
natural barriers to cross-pollination but such artificial hybrids have not been observed in the wild.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-1701\li1701\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx1701\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \b\scaps\fs27\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842698}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Section 4.5\tab Gene Transfer to other Organisms{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842698}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
The only way by which genes could be transferred from sugarcane to other than plants\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  is by horizontal gene transfer. Such transfers have not been demonstrated under natural conditions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1369</RecNum><IDText>Evaluation of possible horizontal gene transfer from \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
transgenic plants to the soil bacterium Acinobactor calcoaceticus BD 413</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1369</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Evaluation of possible horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to the soil bac
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
erium <i>Acinobactor calcoaceticus </i>BD 413</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gebhard,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997=October</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>pl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nt</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>natural transformation</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords><Keywords>soil bacterium</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>transformation frequency</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin Resistance</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>competence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>815</Start_Page><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nd_Page>821</End_Page><Periodical>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</Periodical><Volume>95</Volume><Issue>5-6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0040-5752</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Bones,A.M.: Dep. Bot., Norwegian Univ. Sci. Technol., N-7005 T
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Theoretical and Applied Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfe
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Titl
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal ge
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
e transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>IM
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ACT</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>Labo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
atories</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS Microbiology Reviews</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecul
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><Z
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_WorkformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Syvanen</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>764</RecNum><IDText>In search of horizontal gene transfer</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>764</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>In se
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rch of horizontal gene transfer</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Syvanen,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>agriculture</Keywords><Keywords>Animal</Keywords><Keywords>antibiotic</Keywords><Keywords>antibiotic resistance</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>Biotechnology</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>Drug Resistance,Microbial</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>genetic transformation</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>immunology</Keywords><Keywords>Kanamycin</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Keywords>LYMPHOCYTES</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>Mice</Keywords><Keywords>Microbiology</Keywords><Keywords>Neomycin</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>resistance<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords><Keywords>RESISTANCE GENE</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Species Specificity</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>Transformation,Genetic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keyword
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>833</Start_Page><Periodical>Nature Biotechnology</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Sch
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ol of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: syvanen@ucdavis.edu</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Nature Biotechnology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Biotechnol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_Workfo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 mID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 (Nielsen et al. 1997; Nielsen et al. 1998; Syvanen 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 and deliberate attempts to induce them have so far failed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Coghlan</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1772</RecNum><IDText>So far so
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 good: for the moment, the gene genie is staying in its bottle.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1772</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>So far so good: for the moment, the gene genie is staying in its bottle.</Title_Primary><Author
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Primary>Coghlan,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/3/25</Date_Primary><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>4</Start_Page><Periodical>New Scientist</Periodical><Volume>2231</Volume><Issue>March</Issue><Availability>DIR 007&#x
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
;New Scientist magazine is also in Journal cupboard</Availability><Web_URL><u>www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns223136</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">New Scientist</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Author>Schl&#xFC;ter</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>515</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (Erwinia chrysanthemi) occurs - if at all - at an extremely low frequency</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Jour
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>515</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (<i>Erwinia chrysanthemi</i>) occurs - if at all - at an extremely low frequency</Title_Primary><Authors_Prim
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ry>Schl&#xFC;ter,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>F&#xFC;tterer,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Potrykus,I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>SYSTEM</Keywords><Keywords>SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM</Keywords><Keywords>BETA-LACTAMASE</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>beta-lactamase gene</Keywords><Keywords>ORIGIN</Keywords><Keywords>REPLICATION</Keywords><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTION</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Keywords>Transgenic potato</Keywords><Keywords>potato</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Keywords>Pathogen</Keywords><Keywords>Erwinia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</R
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
print><Start_Page>1094</Start_Page><End_Page>1098</End_Page><Periodical>Bio/Technology</Periodical><Volume>13</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0733-222X</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nstitute of Technology, ETH Cent., LFW E-32.1, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Bio/Technology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biotechnology.(N.Y).</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (Coghlan 2000; Schl\'fc\loch\f0 ter et al. 1995)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 . 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Transfer of plant DNA to bacteria has been demonstrated under highly artificial laboratory conditions }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Gebhard</Author><Year>1998</Year><Re\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
cNum>740</RecNum><IDText>Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>740</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transformation of <i>Acinetobacter</i> sp. strain BD413 b
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 transgenic sugar beet DNA</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gebhard,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=April</Date_Primary><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>STRAIN</Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Keywords>sugar beet</Keywords><Keywords>SUGAR-BEET</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombinatio
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1550</Start_Page><End_Page>1554</End_Page><Periodical>Appli
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
d and Environmental Microbiology</Periodical><Volume>64</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0099-2240</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Biologische Bundesanstalt Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Inst. Biochemie Pflanzenvirologie Messeweg 11
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 -\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
12, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Appl.Environ.Microbiol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Mercer</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1371</RecNum><IDText>Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
_Type><Ref_ID>1371</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium <i>Streptococcus gordonii </i>DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mercer,D.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Scott,K.P.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bruce-Johnson,W.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Glover,L.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Flint,H.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999=January</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>FATE</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>plasmid</Keywords><Keywords>PLASMID DNA</Keywords><Keywords>transformation</Keywords><Keywords>competitive PCR</Keywords><Keywords>PCR</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>recombinant</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 K\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
eywords><Keywords>degradation</Keywords><Keywords>resistance</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>competence</Keywords><Keywords>EFFICIENCY</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>food</Keywords><Keywords>transfo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
m</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>IN-VIVO</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>6</Start_Page><End_Page>10</End_Page><Periodical>Applied and 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nvironmental Microbiology</Periodical><Volume>65</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0099-2240</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Mercer,D.K.: Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.  E-mail: d.merc
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
r@rri.sari.ac.uk</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Appl.Environ.Microbiol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
<Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
van Elsas,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transg
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
nic plants</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
isk</Keywords><Keywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keywords><Ke
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
words>Dna</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Key
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ords>FREQUENCIES</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS Microbiol
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
gy Reviews</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecular Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_Jou
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 nalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Gebhard & Smalla 1998; Mercer et al. 1999; Nielsen et al. 1998)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 , but even then only at a very low frequency\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
. Phylogenetic comparison of the sequences of plant and bacterial genes suggests that horizontal gene transfer from plants to bacteria during evolutionary history has been extremely rare, if occurring at all }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Doolitt\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
le</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>737</RecNum><IDText>Lateral genomics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>737</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Lateral genomics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doolittle,W.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 P\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rimary>1999/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>EVOLUTION</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>GENOME</Keywords><Keywords>ORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENC
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 E\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
S</Keywords><Keywords>genetransferdb</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>5</Start_Page><End_Page>8</End_Page><Periodical>Trends in Cell Biology</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0962-8924</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 00
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 7\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
</Availability><Address>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4H7, Canada. &#xA;E-Mail: ford@is.dal.ca.</Address><Web_URL>http://journals.bmn.com/journals/lis
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/latest? jcode =tcb. </Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Trends in Cell Biology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Trends Cell Biol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen<
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2445</RecNum><IDText>Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2445</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Horizontal gene 
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ransfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria - a rare event?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bones,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smalla,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Elsas,J.D.</
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
uthors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998=June</Date_Primary><Keywords>horizontal gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>gene transfer</Keywords><Keywords>GENE-TRANSFER</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
rds><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>plant</Keywords><Keywords>Bacteria</Keywords><Keywords>FIELD</Keywords><Keywords>RELEASE</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified</Keywords><Keywords>genetically modified plant</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><K
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ywords>risk assessment</Keywords><Keywords>ecological</Keywords><Keywords>IMPACT</Keywords><Keywords>Genes</Keywords><Keywords>MICROORGANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>soil</Keywords><Keywords>biosafety</Keywords><Keywords>PATHWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Dna</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>SEQUENCES</Keywords><Keywords>SEQUENCE</Keywords><Keywords>Laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>marker</Keywords><Keywords>marker genes</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCIES
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SELECTION</Keywords><Keywords>ENVIRONMENT</Keywords><Keywords>CONSEQUENCES</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>79</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>FEMS Microbiology Reviews</Peri
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
dical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Address>UNIGEN, Center for Molecular Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">FEMS Microbiology Reviews</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_Jour
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 alStdAbbrev><f name="System">FEMS Microbiol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Doolittle 1999; Nielsen et al. 1998)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Recombination between viral genomes and plant DNA has only been observed at very low l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
evels, and only between homologous sequences under conditions of selective pressure, eg. regeneration of infectious virus by complementation of a defective virus by viral sequences introduced into a genetically modified plant genome }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Ref\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
man><Cite><Author>Greene</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1145</RecNum><IDText>Recombination between viral RNA and transgenic plant transcripts</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1145</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Recombination b
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
tween viral RNA and transgenic plant transcripts</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Greene,A.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allison,R.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>recombination</Keywords><Keywords>RNA</Keywords><Keywor
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
s>plant</Keywords><Keywords>PLANTS</Keywords><Keywords>VIRUS</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>MUTANT</Keywords><Keywords>CELLS</Keywords><Keywords>CELL</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTIONS</Keywords><Keywords>INFECTION</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
/Keywords><Keywords>transgenic plants</Keywords><Keywords>LINE</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1423</Start_Page><End_Page>1425</End_Page><Periodical>Science</Periodi
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
al><Volume>263</Volume><Issue>5152</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0036-8075</ISSN_ISBN><Availability>DIR 007</Availability><Address>Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Plant Biology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA</Address><
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Z_JournalFull><f name="System">Science</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Teycheney</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1374</RecNum><IDText>Gene flow from virus-resistant transgenic crops to wild relatives or to i
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
fecting viruses</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1374</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Gene flow from virus-resistant transgenic crops to wild relatives or to infecting viruses</Title_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
imary>Teycheney,P.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tepfer,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>cottondb</Keywords><Keywords>CROP</Keywords><Keywords>crops</Keywords><Keywords>FLOW</Keywords><Keywords>GENE</Keywords><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
ene flow</Keywords><Keywords>transgenic</Keywords><Keywords>WILD</Keywords><Keywords>WILD RELATIVES</Keywords><Keywords>crop protection</Keywords><Keywords>protection</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>191</Start_Page><End_Page>196</End_Page>
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
Title_Series>Gene flow and agriculture: Relevance for transgenic crops, British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 72</Title_Series><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
(Greene & Allison 1994; Teycheney & Tepfer 1999)}}}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
hus, gene transfer from sugarcane to organisms other than plants is extremely unlikely. A more detailed review of horizontal gene transfer from plants to other organisms is provided in the risk assessment and risk management plans that were prepared in re
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ation to application DIR\~051/2004 for the release of GM sugarcane into the Australian environment.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\keepn\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \b\caps\fs28\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\page 
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc87842699}\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 5.\tab References{\*\bkmkend _Toc87842699}
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 ADDIN REFMGR.REFLIST }}{\fldrslt {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Agnew, J.R.  (1997). Australian sugarcane pests. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane.
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063007000620072002e0067006f0076002e00610075002f006100760068002e00680074006d006c000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs20\ul 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 germplasm (Andropogoneae-Saccharinae) us\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ing RFLP markers. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Euphytica}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\b 
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\ul {\*\datafield 
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6d000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs20\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 http://www.canegrowers.com.au/overview.htm}}}{\ul 
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. (2001). Differences in concentrations of allergenic pollens and spores at different heights on an agricultural farm in West Bengal, India. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }
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\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Cox, M., Hogarth, M., Smith, G. (2000). Cane breeding and improvement. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  "Manual\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 of cane growing", M Hogarth, P Allsopp, eds. Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations, Indooroopilly, Australia. pp 91-108.
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\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 University of Florida (2004). Sugarcane rust disease (}{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Puccinia melanocephela}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 ). Available from: }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.pbcgo\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 v.com/coopext/agriculture/sugarcane/diseases/april_04.htm" }{\ul {\*\datafield 
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http://www.pbcgov.com/coopext/agriculture/sugarcane/diseases/april_04.htm}}}{\ul 
\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 USDA  (2004). }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Saccharum spontaneum}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  L. wild sugarcane. USDA, }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\ul \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SASP" }{\ul {\*\datafield 
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\par }{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Venkatraman, R.S.T.S. (1922). Germination and preservation of sugarcane pollen. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Agricultural Journal of India}{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0  }{\b \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 17}{
\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 : 127-\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 132.
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\tx0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 Willcox, T., Garside, A., Braunack, M. (2000). The sugarcane cropping system. }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 In}{
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\par 
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